Overview Of Hard Disk Drives - Free Essay Example

LITERATURE REVIEW The suspension manufacturing process is an important research area. So, this chapter presents: An introduction physical components in HDD An introduction component of suspension Finite Element Method Principle types of bending Bending Methods Theoretical Bending Models Design of Experiments Experimental Analysis 2.1 Physical component in HDD The computer hard disk drives (HDD) are used to store a large quantity of information for retrieval as and when required. Figure 2.1 shows the main components of Hard disk drives. A Hard disk drive consists of three important mechanical components such as a fly head mechanism, a head positioning mechanism, and a disk spindle mechanism. However, Read/Write operations on a magnetic disk are performed by the rotational motion of the recording and the radial motion of the recording head using the swing arm actuator. [6]. Figure 2.1: Components of hard disk drive assembly. Table 2.1: Function for component of Hard disk drives Components of hard disk drive Functions HEAD ARM The magnetic element reads/writes magnetic signals SLIDER The strategically shaped block of graphite that carries the head READ/WRITE HEAD It is integrated with slider, which is mounted on the head of suspension. This device used to record information on the disk or read information from it. SUSPENSION The head is attached to this components and it is the carrier for the Slider that allows the head to fly over the disk surface. VCM The VCM or actuator is the device used to position the head arm to different tracks on the surface of the platter. DISK/MEDIA/PLATTERS A thin round aluminum or glass substrate that is coated with a magnetic material. The head writes and reads to/from the disk. SPINDLE/MOTOR Disks are stacked along the length of the spindle and the motor spins the disks at a consistent RPM (Revolutions Per Minute). 2.2 Component of suspension The suspension interconnects carries signals from the write driver to the write head and from the read head to the preamplifier. Therefore, the components of Hard disk drive are composed of Load beam, Mount plate, and Flat flexure circuit as shown in Figure 2.2 [7]. Figure 2.2: The component of the suspension. 2.2.1 Suspension Functions All magnetic Hard disk drive require suspensions to hold/support the Read/Write head and provide precise preload angle (GL) [8]. Figure 2.3: Suspension Functions. A suspension assembly holds recording heads over the spinning disk surface but instead flyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? at a precise very small height above the disk surface. It is the suspension that allows the head to fly less than 0.01 micrometer above the disk surface that is rotating continuously at speeds range between 5,400 to 20,000 rpm as shown in Figure 2.4. Human hair~50 mm Dia. Fly height 0.01mm Dust particle ~5 mm Dia. Figure 2.4: The precise very small height above the disk surface. 1. The flying height concern, the ability of the head to read or write data, while insufficient flying height causes the head to scratch the disk surface and destroy the magnetic coating and the data on the disk. The head is able to stay precisely at the correct flying height because of the equilibrium of the upward force of the air driven under the head and the downward force controlled by the suspension assembly as shown in Figure 2.5. Preload angle DGL DGLL Figure 2.5: Force balance on suspension operation. Spring rate is both the output of individual standard Gram load and the displacement, because the individual standard Gram load and displacement are directly affected the spring rate whether low or high Spring rate. The range of changing DGL has low spring rate. On other hand, the range of changing DGL has high spring rate. However, low or high spring rate will be displacement Dz in z direction, if we consider low spring rate better than high spring rate. 2. The suspension must also hold the head at the correct angles in two axes PSA and RSA simultaneously. 3. The suspension must also optimize resonance for provide less off-track movement during seek. 4. Others critical parameters as customer requirement. 2.3 Finite Element Method 2.3.1 Introduction Considered to the direct methods, the finite element technique further offers the idea of discretization, this time of the very structure or solid under investigation. This allows broadening the class of problems amenable to solution so as to include those dealing directly with modern technology. On the other hand, a sufficiently fine mesh and/or high order of approximation within elements ensure that the error is kept reasonably small. This technique requires the processing of extensive data and may efficiently be implemented with the help of computers only. 2.3.2 Fundamental Concepts FEM cuts a structure into several elements (pieces of the structure). Then it reconnects elements at à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“nodesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as if nodes were pins or drops of glue that hold elements together. This process results in a set of simultaneous algebraic equations. Figure 2.6: Many engineering phenomena can be expressed by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“governing equationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“boundary conditionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Figure 2.7: FEM Resolution way; FEM approximates problem equations to a set of algebraic equations. K = Property U = Behavior F = Action Figure 2.8: Behavior is the unknown parameter of the problem. 2.3.4 Basic steps in the Finite Element Method The basic steps involved in and finite element analysis consist as shown in Figure 2.9 [9]. Post-processing Phases Solution Phase Preprocessing Phase Figure 2.9: Basic steps in the Finite element method. 2.3.4-1 Preprocessing phase 1. Create and discretize the solution domain into finite element; that is, subdivide the problem into nodes and elements. 2. Assume a shape function to represent the physical behavior of an element; that is an approximate continuous function is assumed to represent the solution of an element. 3. Develop equation for an element. 4. Assemble the element to present the entire problem. Construct the global stiffness matrix. 5. Apply boundary conditions, initial conditions, and loading. 2.3.4-2 Solution phase Solve a set of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations simultaneously to obtain nodal results, such as displacement values at different nodes or temperature values at different nodes in a heat transfer problem. 2.3.4-3 Post-processing phase Obtain other important information. At this point, we may interest in values of principal stresses. 2.4 Principle types of Bending 2.4.1 Introduction Sheet-metal parts are typically produced by a sequence of bending operations. The bending process starts with a flat part and ends up with a three-dimensional object of interconnected planes. Sheet metal bending and metal forming is performed with the use of a metal bending machine called press brake, using various tool and holding resources. Tools consist of dies and punches of different shape and length. There is also a need of grippers that hold the part during operations. The workpiece to be metal formed is placed in the machine and the shoes are raised with elevation levers. The work is then slid into place, and the shoes lowered back down onto the piece to be formed. Metal bending occurs by applying force to the bending lever on the bending brake as shown in Figure 2.10. Adjustment bolts determine the radius of the metal bend. Minimum bend radius is a function of the ductility and thickness of the material being worked. It is needful to bend the work slightly beyond the desired angle because the sheet metals will springback. Sheet metal bending is carried out in metal fabrication shops [10]. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 2.10: Sheet metal bending process. (a): position part on the die; (b): position punch on the part; (c): perform bending; (d): take out the part. 2.4.2 Design parameters The problems associated with forming high strength steel often are created during the design stage, when products are designed in such a way that they cannot be manufactured using conventional stamping methods. Or the product requires numerous or special offline operations, such as annealing or normalizing. Further, few of the most important part characteristics that need to be addressed during the design stage [10]. 2.4.3 Bending Radius and Bending Angle Bending dies should be designed so as to avoid sharp bent edges. The inside bending radius ri1,mm depends on the sheet metal thickness s [mm] and should be selected to be as large as possible, because sharp bent edges may lead to material failure. On principle, the bending radius should assume the values recommended by DIN6953. When bending sheet metal, particular attention should also be paid to the rolling direction for bending is transverse to the direction of the sheet metal, r1, min [10]. Figure 2.11: Elastic recovery after Bending. Remember that a small profile radius not only may cause an embrittlement fracture, but also can reduce the metal flow inward. Metal that is not in radial compression has very little resistance to flow. For example, the side walls of a deep-draw box have very little resistance to flow and are not as sensitive to the limiting draw ratio; however, the corners of the box are in radial compression. This radial compression causes a resistance to flow. Increasing the radius size reduces the amount of compression, resulting in increased metal flow inward [10]. 2.4.4 Springback When designing a bending die, it is necessary to consider springback that occurs after unloading. The material has a tendency to partially return to its original shape because of the elastic recovery of the material as shown in Figure 2.11. This is influenced not only by the tensile and yield strengths, but also by thickness, bend radius and bend angle. Springback occurs with all types of forming by bending, when bending in presses, folding, roll forming and roll bending. As a result of springback, the bending die angle a does not correspond precisely to the angle desired at the workpiece a2. The angle ratio is the so-called springback factor kR, which depends on the material characteristics and the ratio between the bending radiuses and sheet metal thickness (r/s) [10]. 2.5 Bending Methods There are so many types of bending operation. Most common methods for bending metal sheet are: Wiping Die Bending, Double Die Bending, and Roll Bending [11]. 2.5.1 Wiping Die Bending Wiping die bending is also known as flanging. One edge of the sheet is bent to 90 while the other end is restrained by the material itself and by the force of blank-holder and pad. The flange length can be easily changed and the bend angle can be controlled by the stroke position of the punch. Figure 2.12: Wiping Die Bending. 2.5.2 Double Die Bending Double die bending can be seen as two wiping operations acting on the work piece one after another. Double bending can enhance strain hardening to reduce springback. Figure 2.13: Double Die Bending. 2.5.3 Roll Bending The operations described in this section use rolls to form sheet metal. Roll bending is an operation in which large sheet-metal parts are formed into curved sections by means of rolls. As the sheet passes between the rolls, the rolls are brought toward each other to a configuration that achieves the desired radius of curvature on the work. A related operation is roll straightening in which nonflat sheets are straightened by passing them between a series of rolls. The rolls subject the work to a sequence of decreasing small bends in opposite directions, thus causing it to be straight at the exit [12]. Figure 2.14: Roll Bending. 2.6 Theoretical Bending Models Bending along a straight line is the most common of all sheet forming processes; it can be done in various ways such as forming along the complete bend in a die, or by wiping, folding or flanging in special machines, or sliding the sheet over a radius in a die. A very large amount of sheet is roll formed where it is bent progressively under shaped rolls. Failure by splitting during a bending process is usually limited to high-strength, less ductile sheet and a more common cause of unsatisfactory bending is lack of dimensional control in terms of springback [15]. 2.6.1 Variables in bending a continuous sheet To consider a unit width of a continuous sheet in which a cylindrical bent region of radius of curvature à ? is flanked by flat sheet as shown in Figure 2.15. The bend angle is ÃŽÂ ¸, and a moment per unit width M, and a tension (force per unit width) T are applied. We note that the tension T is applied at the middle surface of the sheet. The units of M are [force] [length]/ [length] and of T [force]/ [length]. Figure 2.15: A unit length of a continuous strip bent along a line. 2.6.2 Geometry and strain in bending In bending a thin sheet to a bend radius more than three or four times the sheet thickness, it may be assumed that a plane normal section in the sheet will remain plane and normal and converge on the centre of curvature as shown in Figure 2.16. Figure 2.16: Deformation of longitudinal fibers in bending and tension. In general, a line CDO at the middle surface may change its length to CD if, for example, the sheet is stretched during bending; i.e. the original length lO becomes. A line AB0 at a distance y from the middle surface will deform to a length. The axial strain of AB is where ÃŽÂ µa is the strain at the middle surface or the membrane strain and ÃŽÂ µb is the bending strain. Where the radius of curvature is large compared with the thickness, the bending strain can be approximated as, The strain distribution is approximately linear as shown in Figure 2.17. Figure 2.17: Assumed strain distribution in bending. 2.6.3 The pure bending calculation of beam The pure bending operation mention as below section, which is calculated for the theoretical bending moment [13].The simple case of pure bending is examined that the possessing a vertical axis of symmetry, subjected to equal and opposite and couples as shown in Figure 2.18. Figure 2.18: Pure bending. The stress is needed to assured that is consistent with the boundary conditions at ends. These condition are required the results of the internal forces be zero. Therefore, the bending moments about the neutral axis equal the applied moment, : , An expression for normal stress can be written as follows. This is familiarly elastic flexure formula applicable to straight beams applicable. Since, given section, I and M are constant; the maximum stress is obtained by taking: Where S is the elastic section modulus, these formula is widely employed in practice because if its simplicity and facilitate its use also. This,, is regularly used as a measure of the bending strength of materials. 2.6.4 Plastic deformation Unlike elastic deformation, during which, for example, a rod under a tensile load returns to its initial length as long as a defined value (elastic limit of the material) is not exceeded, a workpiece which is plastically deformed retains its shape permanently [14]. Figure 2.19: Tension test bar change in length under stress. 2.6.5 Deformation resistance The resistance to be overcome during a deformation is composed of the flow stress and the friction resistances in the tool, which are brought together under the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“resistance to flowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? [14]. Kf=Flow stress which is direct variation as follows material, type of force, true strain, strain rate, and Temperature. Kr=Friction between tools with material which is direct variation as follows lubricate, surface by surface between tools and material, Temperature, Specify compression stress between tools work piece. Ki= the geometric of forming area, from stress of forming area and relations between Kf and Kr. 2.6.6 Choice of material model for forming In the experiment, the material model for the bending have as actual stress-stain curve. In general material will have an elastic, plastic strain-hardening behavior [15]. Figure 2.20 shows that several example of material behavior are given in many cases. The magnitude of the strain is depending on the bend ratio, this is defined as the ratio of the radius of curvature to sheet thickness,. Figure 2.20: Material models for bending. (a) An actual stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"strain curve. (b) An elastic, perfectly plastic model. (c) A rigid, perfectly plastic model. (d) A strain-hardening plastic model. 2.6.6-1 Strain-hardening model The preload forming process deforms the stainless steel material into some angles, which use a strain-hardening plastic model [15]. Other material of preload forming is not formed by forming tools, which is only assembled with the stainless steel. So, we will describe its behavior as shown in Figure 2.20(d), the strain-hardening model is large the strain. The elastic strains can be neglected, and the low strain hardening model is used, the model expresses as following. Where is strength coefficient Table 2.2 Typical values of strength coefficient K and strain hardening exponent n for selected metals. Material Strength Coefficient, K Strain Hardening Exponent, n MPa lb/in2 Aluminum, pure, appealed 175 25,000 0.20 Aluminum, alloy, appealeda 240 35,000 0.15 Aluminum, alloy, heat treated 400 60,000 0.10 Copper, pure, annealed 300 45,000 0.50 Copper alloy,brassa 700 100,000 0.35 Steel, low C, appealeda 500 75,000 0.25 Steel, high C, appealeda 850 125,000 0.15 Steel, alloy, appealeda 700 100,000 0.15 Steel, stainless, austenitic, appealeda 1200 175,000 0.40 2.6.6-2 Bending without tension The workpiece is bent by a pure moment without any tension or compression being applied, the neutral axis will be at the mid-surface [15]. The pure bending process is examined here for elastic bending and strain-hardening as the following. 2.6.6-3 Elastic bending The linear elastic is bent of sheet shows the material models in the Figure 2.21. The material model [15] of elastic bending as shown in Figure 2.21(a) where the yield stresses- is S. The relationship of stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"strain relation is given as . The distribution shown in Figure 2.21(b), the distribution of stress in Figure 2.21(c). Figure 2.21: Linear elastic bending of sheet showing the material model (a), the strain distribution (b), and the stress distribution (c). The stress at a distance y from the neutral axis, is The moment at the section for elastic spring back, is Figure 2.22: Moment curvature diagram for elastic bending. Where is the second moment of area for a unit width of sheet, and is the curvature. The limit of elastic bending is when the outer fibre at reaches the plane strain yield stress S. The limiting elastic moment is given by The curvature at this moment is; From Figures 2.22 shown that the moment, curvature diagram are within this elastic range, which is a linear. 2.6.7 Elastic unloading and spring back If a sheet is bent by a moment to a particular curvature, as shown in Figure 2.23, and the moment then released [15]. There will be a change in curvature and bend angle. The length of the mid-surface is This will remain unchanged during unloading as the stress and strain at the middle surface are zero. From this, we obtain in which = constant, we obtain Figure 2.23: Unloading a sheet that has been bent by a moment without tension. 2.7 Design of Experiments In engineering, experimentation shows an important role in new product design, manufacturing process development, and process improvement. The object in many cases may be to develop a robust design. In this study, design of experiments (DOE) will be used to optimize composite design tools to minimize variation in forming process. Usually, experiments are performed to gain insight about a process so that conclusions and decisions can be made to develop design tools, and mathematics model. Statistically designed experiments make it possible to test several process key parameter input variables (KPIV) simultaneously in order to assess the effect of each on the process key parameter output variables (KPOV). At composite manufacturing, processes are geared towards factors significant and as-significant production runs. This approach is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sequential experimentation. In general, experiments are used to study the performance of design. The design can be represented by the model as shown in Figure 2.24. We can usually visualize the process as a combination of machines, methods, people, and other resources that transforms some input into an output that has one or more observable responses. Some of the process variables x1, x2 and so on are controllable, whereas other variables z1, z2 and so on are uncontrollable. Inputs (KPIV) X1, X2, X3, X4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Xn Outputs (KPIV) Y Design forming Process Figure 2.24: General mathematical model of process and design. The process variation or error, e, will be some function of many component errors. e = e1 + e2 + e3 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ en The central limit theorem states that the distribution of the linear function of errors will tend to normality almost irrespective of the individual distributions. The error in an experiment or process can arise in an additive manner from several independent sources; consequently, the normal distribution becomes a plausible model for the combined experimental for process error. 2.8 Experimental Analysis In this section, we will focus on the HDD suspension and the researches that relate for background of this thesis, these topics are discussed follows. Esat et al. (2002) Finite element analysis of spring in bending of aluminum sheets [2]. In manufacturing industry, the bending operation involves with springback. Therefore, it is a practical problem to predict the final geometry of the workpiece after elastic springback recovery and also the design a appropriate tools in tools for compensate for springback , So, this research uses the commercial software for finite for finite element method (FEM) to analyze plastic strains and the equivalent von misses stresses are presented. The results of FEA are comparing with the empirical data, which is a good agreement of its result. The numerical method analyze and design bending dies, punch, and others parameter. Because of it uses very short period of time, the FEA is possible to obtain suitable dies that compensate for springback. On the other hand, the manufacturing process are trial and error procedures that a long time and the result wastage of material and effort. Chou,I.N Hung, C. (1997). Finte element analysis and optimization on springback reduction [3].Several springback reduction techniques used in the U-channel bending processes were analyzed with the finite element method, which included are bottoming, pinching die and spanking and movement techniques. The relationship between the amount of springback and the forming parameters in each technique was first established through finite element simulations, and then the optimization analysis was coupled with the finite element analysis to find the optimum forming parameters for each springback reduction technique. Siwakorn Srisawat (2008). He study simulation model for reducing residual stress in HDD suspension during forming process [16]. One component of the HDD suspension is the flat TG, which is formed into a curved TG during the TG forming process. This process leaves residual stress in the TG walls. This residual stress could affect the head gimbal assembly at factories and also the response of the HDD operation. A simulation model in finite element analysis is proposed in this paper to address two aims. The first is improved prediction of elastic springback as forming TG is an elastic-plastic recovery phenomenon during unloading that leads to springback. The second aim is to reduce the residual stress that occurs in TG during its forming process. Kazan Recep al. (2002) Prediction of springback in wipe-bending process of sheet metal using neural network [17]. The wipe-bending is one of processes the most frequently used in the sheet metal product industry. Furthermore, the springback of sheet metal, which is defined as elastic recovery of the part during unloading, should be taken into consideration so as to produce bent sheet metal parts within acceptable tolerance limits. Springback is affected by factors such as sheet thickness, tooling geometry, lubrication conditions, and material properties and processing parameters. In this paper, the prediction model of springback in wipe-bending process was developed using artificial neural network (ANN) approach. Here, several numerical simulations using finite element method (FEM) were performed to teaching data of network. The learned network is numerically tested and can be easily implemented springback prediction for new cases. Tekiner Zafer. (2004) the examination of springback of sheet metal with several thicknesses and properties in bending dies [18]. The bending die has an importance in the sheet metals product industry. However, the springback of the sheet metal may be taken into consideration in the bending die design for an experimental study. There are two types of the bending die have been conducted to study that is V-bending die and this is a subdivided into corner bending in the air. The springback must be known in order to produce bent sheet metal part within the acceptable tolerance limits. In this research carried out on the determination of amount springback of bent products. The modular V-bend die many induces the several sheet metal with the bending angles for the amount of springback. The amount of springback results are in line with the result of pervious researches. Ekaratch et al.(2008) Vibration analysis of suspension in HDD with FEM [19] the vibration of slider or Read/Write head is one of the major concerns for hard disk drive manufacture. R/W head is an important part that performs read/write data on the media. The air pressure, caused by air flow through the gap between R/W head and media, sustain the flight height of slider above the media, called air bearing. In general, the gap between the head and the media is very small. Thus, if the vibration level of the Head-Suspension is too high, the head and the media could come into contact and damage both components. The main objective of is work is to study the mechanical vibration of suspension that holds R/W head. The Finite Element model of suspension is conducted having air bearing stiffness between the Head and the media as a combination of linear springs. The natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the combined system are employed to use in conjunction with mechanical t roubles and cost occurred for testing physical models. Kajonsak et al. (2009) He had studied of HGA behaviors after mounted with Shipping Comb [20]. In Head Stack Assembly process, a shipping comb is mounted to HAS adjacent the HGA area. This is to prevent the vibration of the sliders, attached at the end of suspension, when joining HAS to the other parts or conduct the measurements, storage and transportation. This work is aimed to study the behaviors of HGA when shipping comb. Having various dimensions and shapes, is mounted on using Finite Element analysis for analysis and comparison Gram load value. The components of Shipping Comb are 5 parts Swage shuttle fixture, fixture, Spreader pins, Load cell and Gripper.

John Proctor struggles against Abigail Williams In The Crucible - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1327 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Crucible Essay Did you like this example? Stories are such fascinating subjects, as they seem to create worlds in a completely new universe or be set in the past so long ago that people can no longer remember it. In every story, there is protagonists and antagonists. The antagonist always go against the protagonist, bringing conflict in the story. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "John Proctor struggles against Abigail Williams In The Crucible" essay for you Create order Along with the fact of bringing conflict into the story, he or she also has a highly significant role in the development of the protagonist. The story then can end in two different ways. It can end with the protagonist finally defeating the antagonist after overcoming both physical and mental obstacles. The other way is that after struggling throughout his or her life, the protagonist, in the end, can not stop the antagonist and dies or otherwise becomes unable to oppose the antagonist. The novel, The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is the latter type of a story as the protagonist, John Proctor, struggles against Abigail Williams, who opposes him in numerous ways such as ruining his wife, manipulating people and situations, and avoiding all accusations at fault in any way possible, showing her to be the main antagonist of the story; all of this is needed for Miller to show the true depravity of human nature, and in return, the so called good does not triumph over evil. Abigail reveals traits of antagonism when she tries to get rid of Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctorrs wife, in order to try to keep him for herself, showing the depravity of humans. In the argument between Betty and Abigail when Betty finally woke up, it is revealed to the audience that [Abigail] drank bloodto kill John Proctorrs wife(18). While Abigail did not succeed in killing Elizabeth Proctor with that method, the fact stands that she did such an act with malicious thoughts in mind. It showed her need to cause conflict and get rid of things in her way through any means possible, although the success rate was very low. Even though it didnt seem to do much in the whole of the story, it was perhaps the very starting point of the cause of the witch trial hysteria. Once Abigail realizes that the charm to kill Goody Proctor by drinking blood didnt work, she then gets a warrant for [Elizabeth Proctor][charging] a cruel and murder on Abigail(69,72). Abigail shows her ruthlessness and lack of empathy through these actions, as she gets the wife of the man she so calls ?loves in order to try to get together with him, although she was repeatedly rejected by John Proctor previously. Through these actions, she creates one of the main events of the book, as John Proctor later does anything and everything he can in order to get his wife proved innocent and released from jail. Abigailrs need for getting rid of Elizabeth Proctor shows that Abigail is the antagonist of this book as it shows her trying to the get rid of someone very dear to the protagonist, John Proctor, and thus, creates a conflict between them. Throughout the book, Abigail shows more proof of being the antagonist as she manipulates the people around her for her own personal gain and otherrs misery, verifying the opinion of Miller that the human nature is corrupt. The person Abigail most commonly manipulates is Mary Warren, who is likely an easy target due to the fact that she is a naive, lonely girl. One time Abigail has done such manipulations is when Mary testified against Abigail on the orders of John Proctor. Abigail pretends that she sees the familiar spirit of Mary and it attacks her. Knowing that she would be hanged for witchcraft on the accusations of Abigail, Mary then tries to save herself by saying Proctor is the Devilrs man(110) and that he manipulated her instead of Abigail. This act shows how far Abigailrs manipulations can go, as she caused the man she wanted to be with get accused of dealing with the devil. It also further alongs the trials John Proctor has to go through as now both him and his wife are imp risoned on the accusation of witchcraft. However, Abigailrs manipulations are also showed before this event has occurred. It happened when she saw Mary sew a poppet for Elizabeth Proctor and stick the needle into it to keep safe. Once Abigail saw those actions, she created a plot in order to convince the court that Elizabeth tried to kill her with a needle stuck in her stomach with the claim being that [Elizabeth Proctorrs] familiar spirit pushed it in(71). With such manipulations set in place, very few people would believe in it being set up specially because of the time period the play was set in, as almost everyone during that time was superstitious with the beliefs of witchcraft and other highly illogical things. The manipulations show Abigailrs lack of morals as she, without hesitation, made others think that someone attempted murder with witchcraft, knowing that it would only end in death for the accused. It reveals that Abigail is the antagonist as she repeatedly exploits oth errs weaknesses in order to fulfill her own goals, and in return, create the conflict in the play as John Proctor tries to stop Abigail and make everyone see that she is in the wrong, not the ones being accused by her. In order to avoid the consequences of her mistakes, Abigail makes it so others take blame or runs away from her problems, which both affirms her position as the antagonist and the perverseness of the human nature. This is first shown in the beginning of the play, as Reverend Parris suspects of her to be doing witchcraft in the woods along with dancing. In order to avoid the consequences of her actions, she lies and says that she [goes] back to Jesus [and] saw Sarah Good with the Devil(45) among with many other names. A truly good person would accept their punishments for their actions, and as shown, Abigail does not. Instead, she blames other in an attempt for them to take on her punishment, and it works. Everyone in town is driven into hysteria as people are being accused everywhere and soon, dozens of people are contained in jail to be hanged soon. This is the very start of the conflict in the play, and it is due to Abigail and the other such girls that danced in the woods trying t o get out of punishment. Later again in the play, it is shown again that Abigail does not face the repercussions of her actions face on. As she realized her actions caused John Proctor to be jailed and later be sentenced to death, instead of confessing, she ran off in fear to keep in Salem(117). Her running off shows how much responsible she has, which is none. She practically started the craze of witchcraft in Salem single-handedly and ran off before it was realized by the other citizens. Her lack of responsibility for her actions show how far humanity has declined as she caused many to die and yet does not stand up for her actions, which makes her seem to be the antagonist of the play as in the end, John Proctor dies due to her actions. Miller shows how depraved humanity has gotten by how the antagonist, Abigail Williams, acts in order to create the conflict with the protagonist, John Proctor; she tries to get rid of his wife, manipulate everyone and everything, and in the end, runs away from the aftermath of the chaos she has created. An antagonist is someone who opposes the protagonist and as a result, brings the conflict into the story. The antagonist makes the protagonist develop throughout the story as he or she goes through mental and physical obstacles in order to defeat the antagonist. Unfortunately, not all of the time does the protagonist succeed in his or her actions; sometimes in the end, the antagonist wins.

African American Daughters And Non Residential Fathers A...

African American Daughters and Non-Residential Fathers: A Qualitative Exploration La Toi S Smith Chapter 1 Introduction I spent the majority of my life being raised by a single mother due to my parents’ divorce. Because of my parents’ divorce, my mother stated firmly that I had changed and became a difficult child. I remember rebelling, suffering with low self-esteem and self-worth and blaming myself for the absence of my father. It was not until I was well into womanhood that I found peace within myself, as well as with my nonresidential father. Through the preparation for this study, I have a better understanding of the external and internal factors that can and will affect the father-daughter relationship. Some scholars have argued the notion that fathers are important contributors to their children and adolescents’ psychosocial development (Mandara, Murray, Joyner, 2005). According to Allgood, Beckert, and Peterson (2012), researchers are beginning to understand the importance of examining children’s perspectives and the relationships and levels of involvement children have with their fathers. According to Conner and White (2006), the traditional definition of fatherhood within the African American community underestimates the role of a father and further do not describe the systems that surround the African American experience adequately. Many interpretations of â€Å"fathers† have been discussed, with several scholars working from different perspectives offeringShow MoreRelatedMID TERM STUDY GUIDE Essay16611 Words   |  67 Pagesunderstanding MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Development may be considered: (30) a. Periods of unusual events in life b. Periods of transition and reorganization *** c. Periods of stagnation d. Periods that occur each decade of life 2. Beatriz complains to her father about the outfit he wants her to wear. 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Police Brutality on Minorities - 1643 Words

Minority Police Brutality in Major Cities of the United States Since the first state-sponsored police forces in the U.S. racial discrimination in police forces has been a characteristic of the American landscape. Racial profiling and police brutality have their roots in enforcement of slave codes, black codes, and Jim Crow Segregation laws. We Charge Genocide, a petition submitted to the UN by the Civil Rights Congress in 1951, documented thousands of incidents of police violence against African Americans alone. Police brutality against Native Americans has also been a regular of colonial culture in the U.S. as well. Official studies have consistently found that people and communities of color are disproportionately subjected to human†¦show more content†¦Most of the officers have never been sanctioned in any manner whatsoever. While Burge was ultimately fired from the Police Department, he continues to live free and receive a police pension. No other officer involved was terminated, and many were promoted and allowed to retire wi th full pensions. Another example of the use of torture against African Americans by law enforcement officers involves the case of the San Francisco 8. In 1973, John Bowman, Harold Taylor, and Ruben Scott were tortured by the New Orleans Police Department, with the assistance of two San Francisco detectives, Frank McCoy and Edward Erdelatz. The torture, which lasted for several days, included striping the men, blindfolding them, beating them and covering them in blankets soaked in boiling water. The detectives also used electric prods on their genitals.† As a result of the torture, the men confessed and signed pre-written statements. They were then charged with various crimes, including the death of the 1971 death of Sergeant John Young, a San Francisco Police officer. In 1974, a federal court ruled that the statements of the three men were inadmissible because they were obtained through torture.32 Subsequently; a California court dismissed the charges against Bowman, Ta ylor, and Scott. The perpetrators of this torture have never been brought to justice. The two former San Francisco detectives now serve as agents withShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Police Brutality On Minority Communities1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Police Brutality on Minority Communities Police brutality thrives in the inner city regions where minority communities live and work. Police brutality is a crime punishable by law and is often instigated by law enforcement officers who are either racially biased or prone to authority abuse and violent (re)actions. 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The job of police officers is toRead MoreYanna Pasley. Police Brutality Against Minorities. In The1532 Words   |  7 PagesPasley Police Brutality against Minorities In the movie, â€Å"Twelve Years of Slave† there was so much injustice for minorities. America has a come a long way since, slavery and segregation but there is still work to be done, specifically with police brutality. Police brutality is the use of unnecessary excessive force for the police’s purpose. Police brutality has risen over the past years. Ever since the Rodney King incident happened, it began the trend of police brutality against minorities. The majorityRead MoreThe Michael Brown Legacy : Police Brutality And Minority Prosecution Essay1822 Words   |  8 Pages1. Onyemaobim, Ikedi O. â€Å"The Michael Brown Legacy: Police Brutality and Minority Prosecution.† George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, vol. 26, Issue 2, pg. 157-182. Academic Search Premier. Web 7 Nov. 2016 This article was basically about the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, MO by a white police officer named, Darren Wilson. The death of Michael Brown led to violent protests which lasted for weeks. Several weeks later, the officer who was responsible for the death of Ferguson teenageRead More Police Brutality: A Minority Group Concern Essay examples1926 Words   |  8 PagesRelations between the police and minority groups are a continuing problem in many multiracial societies. Surveys consistently document racial differences in perceptions of the police, with minorities more likely than whites to harbor negative views. (Weitzer and Tuch, Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct, 2004) A great deal of society views law enforcement officers as heroic and honorable individuals, whose main purpose is to protect and serve the community. 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Essay on Sonnet 130 and Passionate Shepherd To His Love

Sonnet 130 and Passionate Shepherd To His Love nbsp; In William Shakespeares Sonnet 130 and Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd To His Love, the themes of unconditional love, opulent treasures, and vivid imagery are all conveyed throughout the poems but through different point of views. nbsp; The theme of unconditional love is expressed through the two poems. The poet proclaims his affection for her by telling his love that he will give her anything in the world if she would just be with him. And if these pleasures may thee move, come live with me, and be my love. His words show that he is willing to do anything and everything for her by giving her a gown made of the finest wool or even coral clasps and†¦show more content†¦The poet of The Passionate Shepherd To His Love uses tangible gifts such as a gown made of the finest wool or far lined slippers with buckles of the purest gold. And I will make thee beds of roses and a thousand fragrant posies. This shows that the poet is trying to use riches to persuade his love to come live with me (him) by showing her that he will give her all these opulent treasures if she would just fulfill his one wish. However, in Shakespeares poem, the poet expresses the same kind of love but instead uses characteristics and physical attributes of his love rather than tangible materialistic things like the poet in Marlowes poem did. The persona in Sonnet 130 uses attributes of his beloved to tell her that she is rare and at the same time he loves her. After listing all her physical attributes, he writes I think my love is rare as any she belied with false compare. The speaker in Sonnet 130 doesnt have to use substantial objects to show his love that he really loves her; he writ es on the reasons why he loves her instead of writing about giving her all these treasures that he knows that he cannot give as the persona in Marlowes poem did. Even though the two poems are similar in that they discuss unconditional love, they are expressed with different conditions: one uses opulent treasures while the other uses physical attributes.Show MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagestranslated into English or only approximately translated, few semantic and stylistic improvements are needed and the translation does justice to Metz s text. In some instances, usage did not adopt Michael Taylor s solution. The most glaring example of his innovative translation is the word significate now usually translated by signified (signifià © in French)—which is used throughout the text. Langue and parole have increasingly been translated by language and speech, although this is not an ideal

How Effective Are Integrated Working and Multi-Agency Working Free Essays

Integrated working is when different services join together to offer more effective care for babies and young children, where multi-agency working is when different services work together to meet particular needs of babies and young children, along with their parents and/or carers. Multi-agency teams are made up of members of the children’s workforce drawn from a range of different disciplines who met for specific reasons on a regular basis; all the professionals will have joint aims and goals. It is a way that ensures that those children and young people that need additional support will have exactly the right professionals in place for them to be supported in the correct way. We will write a custom essay sample on How Effective Are Integrated Working and Multi-Agency Working? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The benefits of integrated and multi-agency work are that it enables early identification and intervention of any needs that the children may have, as well as ways to better support their parents and carers. It allows children and their parents to have easier and quicker access to professional’s expertise and the services that they offer. With the services all working together it provides a better quality of service and means that children and their parents do not need to repeat themselves to each of the professionals that they work with, instead the professionals will already have the information. Multi-agency work also allows children and their families’ needs to be addressed more appropriately. As the child’s needs are addressed sooner and the correct support is given to them to help with their needs, the child will have an improved achievement and better engagement within education. The use the Common Assessment Framework which allows an early and initial assessment of the child’s needs for any extra services and support, and once this is carried out it will be available for all the services. In practice the professionals will put the needs of the child or young person before those of any one service, and also ensure that the service is inclusive and that all children’s basic needs are met. Sutton Hill Children’s Centre ensures that all the professionals within the centre identify children with additional needs at an early stage. They also need to ensure that all the information that they have is shared with all the other professionals and that they work together to provide early intervention and that the child receives the necessary support from specialist services as soon as they are identified as needing it. In the Camden Children’s Fund primary school project the school gets access to additional services which go beyond what is normally available and offers preventive and early intervention approaches to children and their families. The have a best practice approaches in place regarding the identifying and assessing of the child’s needs and then designing interventions for the particular child which will help them to improve. Within the practice at Camden Children’s Fund they are currently finding it difficult to allocate enough time to be able to carry out the best practice approach, and are trying to resolve this issue through all the agencies coming together and discussing what the best course of action will be. In conclusion integrated and multi-agency work is very beneficial to the child and their family at identifying any needs that the child may have early and providing appropriate and sufficient support to the child and their family that will help them to deal with any needs and support them with any help they may need in the future. It also brings together a wide range of specialist services that can work together with the family so that nothing needs to be repeated, and the child and their family will get the best out of each of the services that are provided. How to cite How Effective Are Integrated Working and Multi-Agency Working?, Essay examples

Mass Culture and Culture Industry

Question: Discuss about the Mass Culture and Culture Industry. Answer: Introduction: The terms culture and industry denote two opposite meanings. These two words are not supposed to go together. When these two terms are combined to form a new word, then it describes a paradoxical situation that exists in this world today. Culture means the way of life of a particular section of people in a given point of time. It describes the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people. The term Industry on the other hand is used to describe the companies and the activities that are involved in the procedure of producing goods and services for sale mainly in an industrial unit. This essay outlines the discussion of the concepts raised by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. This write-up traces and discusses the points raised by these two Frankfurt school scholars in context with an advertisement that highlights this concept. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, were two Frankfurt school scholars who proposed the term of culture industry. This term was first used in the chapter of their book, Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944). According to Adorno and Horkheimer, a man with leisure, accepts or rather has to accept what the manufacturers of culture offer him. The theory critically discusses the cultural economies that are supply-driven (Berry 2013). The authors argue that the aim of the mass-produced entertainment is to appeal to vast audiences. The chapter in the book first elucidated the term, which essentially highlighted the structure and set up of media today. In the chapter, they elaborated that the popular culture is similar to a factory that produces homogeneous cultural goods which are used to lull the mass society into passiveness. The goods that they both talked about was the different products that the media produces like films, magazines and radio programs. The consumption of the easy and readyma de pleasures that the media offers lulls its consumers into a trance despite their economic background (Nealon and Irr 2012). The danger that this phenomenon casts on the society is that it creates a false sense of psychological need that can only be met through the consumption of the products of capitalism, whereas the true psychological needs are freedom, happiness and creativity. The consumption of the simple products of the popular culture, which are readily available with the help of mass media, renders the audiences and the consumers passive and content irrespective of their economic standard (Miklitsch 2012). Therefore, according to Adorno and Horkheimer, the mass-produced culture is dangerous to the more refined and evolved fine arts. The concept is concerned with the production of cultural economies as well as the apparently inferior products of the system. They emphasized the existence of mass-produced culture which is created and distributed by exclusive institutions and consumed by an inert audience (Nava et al. 2013). Adorno and Horkheimer developed the term culture industry to denote the process of the industrialization of a culture that is mass-produced, and the force that drove the structure. They coined the term to highlight the commercialization and mechanization of culture under the influence of capitalist mode of production (Agger 2014). They were inspired greatly from a Marxist structure of analysis, which sees capitalism as deeply exploitative, and believed that it must be ousted for human race to attain its complete potential. According to the two, culture industry plays a pivotal role in strengthening its audience to the status quo. One of the fundamental arguments of Theodore Adorno is the idea that under particular social conditions, art provides an alternate and different version of reality. He argued that art has the capability to highlight the differences and the inequalities of the society by bringing forth an ideal vision of what people can desire (Hammer 2013). Adorno assumed that the growth of the culture industry resulted in the homogeniety and rationalization of the form of culture, and that this in turn had weakened, emaciated and ruined the aptitude of an individual to think and act in a decisive and independent way.As the culture industry enlarges, the process has become more focused (Oakley and Connor 2015). Adorno and Horkheimer opined that the culture industries dilutes the demarcation of the real world and the illusionary world that is created by the culture industry. They stated that the consumers are dumbed down by the dullness of the media. They lose their sense of individuality and thus cannot function properly as the citizens of a country. The social theorists from the neo-Marxian group examined the consequences of mass culture and the rise of consumerism in the general working class of a country (Hepp 2013). To illustrate this term coined by Adorno and Horkheimer, we have to consider an advertisement, which propagates a plastic and idealized sense of beauty. The advertisement of an Australian online fitness store by the name of Protein World used a female model in a two-piece yellow bikini. The copy of the advertisement said, Are you beach body ready?. The advertisement showcased different types of weight-loss products brought in by the company. The fitness store harped on the body image issue of women as it claimed that the image of the model is not photoshopped. Three hundred and seventy eight complaints were lodged with the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) against this advertisement. The Protein World however maintained their unapologetic attitude on the subject. The ASA opined that the term beach body had the connotation of an athletic and toned figure, which is desirable by many women. The fact that it harped on the sense of achieving the perfect body image by maximum women est ablishes the relevance of the theory that was proposed by Adorno and Horkheimer. To sum up, we can conclusively say that the concept of culture industry coined by these two social theorists is still very much relevant in todays day and age. In the present day world, where the concept of consumerism rules supreme, it is seen that the capitalist media enforces a culture, which renders the audience dull and unable to think clearly with a fresh perspective. The theorists opined that culture industry considers the audience as something to be manipulated. This turns the audiences into passive subjects of consumerism. They cannot function or act freely which in turn passively threatens democratic rights of the consumer. They are unaware how easily they are being submissive to the capitalist media. The world nowadays simply exemplifies this term coined by the two social theorists of the Frankfurt school. References: Berry, D. ed., 2013.Revisiting the Frankfurt School: essays on culture, media and theory. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Nealon, J.T. and Irr, C. eds., 2012.Rethinking the Frankfurt School: Alternative legacies of cultural critique. SUNY Press. Nava, M., Blake, A., MacRury, I. and Richards, B., 2013.Buy this book: studies in advertising and consumption. Routledge. Agger, B., 2014.Cultural studies as critical theory. Routledge. Hammer, E., 2013.Adorno and the Political. Routledge. Hepp, A., 2013.Cultures of mediatization. John Wiley Sons. Oakley, K. and Connor, J.O. eds., 2015.Valuing cultural industries(pp. 35-72). London: Routledge. Miklitsch, R., 2012.Roll over Adorno: critical theory, popular culture, audiovisual media. SUNY Press.