Labour relations Essay

Labour relations refers to the relations between employers and employees. They are affected by certain factors, including labour organizations, collective bargaining, labour market, government policy, the structure of the economy, labour law and technological change. Since industrial relations are regularly connected with unions, it is noteworthy that in Canada, until the 1970s, a greater part of unions and union members belonged to American-based craft and industrial unions. According to some observers, incidence of strikes has been very high and unusual in North American labour relations. Studies have also disclosed that the frequency of savagery and unlawfulness emerging out of labour disputes has been much higher in the US and Canada than in other comparably industrialized countries. They included the relatively recent development of large-scale â€Å"mass unionization,† a extensive deposit of pressure and common hostility arising from the boundless, extended and very ofte n violent opposition of employers to unions; intense organizational and leadership rivalries among unions; the highly decentralized structure of labour organization and collective bargaining in most industries; and the absence of a strong or dominant labour party capable of gaining power at the national level. The relative strength of organized labour in Canada was also affected by cultural and ethnic divisions among workers, especially the considerable gap between Francophone and Anglophones, which was symbolized by the development of the separate francophone confederation of national trade unions in Quà ©bec. Maintained geographic and political divisions also precluded effective unionization and often set the interests of the workers in one region against those in another. Politically, the labour movement had been divided since the turn of the century, when the trades and labour congress, backed by the American Federation of Labour, ousted the activist knights of labour. Disputes over conflicting beliefs, programs and organizational goals became less intense with the formation of the Canadian Labour Congress in 1956. Since then a lot of unions have subdued away from traditional American-controlled organizations in a drive for national sovereignty. Some are in the CLC and some in the Confederation of Canadian Unions. Government intercession is another factor progressively impacting labour relations. Since W.L. Mackenzie King, as federal deputy minister, presented the  Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of 1907 to curb western Canada’s militant coal-mine workers, governments in Canada have acted to maintain â€Å"law and order† and to protect employers’ property and latitude of action rather than to protect the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively. This tendency is apparent in a history of expeditious resort to mandatory intrusion, such as back-to-work legislation and obligatory adjudication, to settle disputes. Canadian Labour Laws: Both Federal and Provincial Laws Canadian labour laws cover all employees in Canada with the majority (approximately 90%) covered under provincial labour laws. The remaining are secured under federal labour law through the Canada Labour Code. The labour laws varies from one province to another. Canadian labour laws and employment laws are quite challenging to employers doing business in Canada as these laws are constantly being modified. Furthermore, to these consistent progressions, those employers having business all around Canada, or in different provinces, are concerned to dissimilarity in the employment laws of the various provinces and territories. What can also add to the employment act disputes is the fact that both the federal and the provincial governments can have jurisdiction over labour and employment issues in a province depending on which industry the enterprise operates in. These labour acts and employment acts can be very confusing to new businesses to the Canadian labour environment, as well as for local businesses that are expanding from provincial markets into the Canadian national market for goods and services. The constant change associated with employment and labour law in Canada poses a significant challenge for employers doing business here. That test is intensified by the fact that employers with operations across Canada may be subject to differing employment laws in each province. Canada Labour Code (CLC): Federal Employment Law Canada Labour Law alludes predominantly to the Canada Labour Code (CLC) which is the labour law consolidated under a federal Act, and which regulates work undertaken by the federal government or business undertakings that falls under federal jurisdiction. This Code consists of three parts: 1. Industrial Relations: Deals with the general industrial relations aspects covering the union-management interaction, union official recognition, a difference declaration in those industries that fall under federal jurisdiction. 2. Occupational Health and Safety: Lays out the legislation covering workplace health and safety issues in areas under federal jurisdiction. 3. Standard Hours, Wages, Vacations and Holidays: This section interprets the federal employment standards which covers the conditions of employment such as operational hours, pay, common holidays, time off leave, layoffs, severance pay, and unreasonable dismissals, etc. Conclusion: Unions still have a place in Canadian Workplace. Labour unions engage in collective bargaining with employers to determine issues such as salary, the rules and regulations of labour, and employee security. Unions also take on in political activities on behalf of workers and have historically had ties to political parties, such as the New Democratic Party (NDP). Unionized workers in Canada include industrial and office workers and public employees in government administration, schools, and hospitals, engineers, professors, nurses, teachers, and other skilled workers. workforce are less expected to be unionized in private service-sector firms such as retail stores, restaurants, banks, and insurance companies, because employers in those areas have forcefully opposed unions. Labour organizations exist on a diversity of levels, from confined workplaces to global organizations. Reference JAMIESON, S. M. (2006). Labour Relations. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/labour-relations/#h3_jump_0 Canadian Labour Laws: Including Labour Relations Codes And Employment Laws. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.canadianlabourrelations.com/canadian-labour-laws.html Canada Labour Code: Federal Labour Relations Act And Regulations. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.canadianlabourrelations.com/canada-labour-code.html MacDowell, L. S. (2004). Labour Unions in Canada. Retrieved from http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFiles/HistoryOfTheAmericas/LaborUnionCanada060130.html

Snowdrops – Creative Writing

When would Reece be back? I sat on my bed and daydreamed, all the good times we had had together flashing through my mind, filling me up with the sensation I was flying. I came back to earth with a thud. Glancing at the clock only made me feel worse – half past eleven. Reece was usually home by ten. Sighing, still worried, I lay my head down on my pillow, just to rest my eyes for a few minutes†¦ And awoke with a jolt, to the rhythmic thudding of a heavy hand on the front door. For a split second, I held the thought that it could be Reece, complete with a totally reasonable, acceptable excuse, and he would hold me and everything would be alright again. That image vanished, when I realised Reece never knocked like that. Frozen with panic, I sat upright. The knocking continued. A sudden burst of courage took me totally unawares. Hurriedly, I pulled on my red dressing gown. Dashing down the stairs, I grabbed the keys to the door. Slowly, I advanced. With feline agility, I tip-toed to the door. With a shaky hand, I put the key in the key-hole. Deftly I turned the knob. Willing my suspicions to be erroneous, I peeped through the crack I had created between the door and the doorframe. There, silhouetted against the eerie moon, stood a great figure, portentously broad and equally tall, the mere look of whom would worry all but the bravest. I slumped with relief. ‘Hello Gwen.' I said, letting out the deep breath I didn't know I was holding. Gwen was the village policeman, a gentle giant to all who knew him, but certainly one of the most intimidating men to meet in the street. This was down mainly to his incredible width, which prevented anyone walking either side of him on a pavement. Talking to Gwen was like conversing with a ship, he was big, slow, and found it notoriously hard to change direction in a subject. But why was he here? ‘Hello, Sarah,' he said, not a hint of happiness in his voice. ‘What's wrong? Why are you here?' Gwen's face creased up. He was almost in tears. I had never seen him like this before, and I wasn't sure how to react. ‘What's wrong, Gwen? Is someone hurt? Tell me, Gwen!' By now, tears were rolling down Gwen's cheeks. I had no idea what was going on: I was totally confused. ‘There's been an accident, Sarah,' Reece whispered, his voice hoarse. ‘Reece, he, he's had an accident. He was speeding, he hit a lorry, he†¦' ‘He what? What happened? Is he okay?' I screeched, frantic to know the answer. Gwen gulped. ‘He passed away at half past ten. He was speeding on his motorcycle, he hit the back of a lorry. I – I'm sorry.' I froze. He was speeding. Speeding to see me. ‘What?' I whispered, ‘No surely, there's a mistake. Reece can't be dead, it's just – no, no, this isn't right, it must be, I, I†¦' I stopped. I felt my body numb, as the realisation took hold of me. He was gone, and I couldn't bring him back. The emptiness was overwhelming, like a dark pit had opened inside of me that sucked all my thoughts, memories, emotions into it, leaving me drained. Then it spat it all back out again, and the fullness was overwhelming. Anger, fear, grief, hate, it all spilled out with the tears that gushed from my eyes. I slumped into Gwen's arms, as he took me through my house, the house that had seemed so warm and full of life only moments before, now cold, dark and foreboding. Down on my settee he sat me, all the time whispering . I needed to be alone. I told Gwen so, rudely, but being polite was the last thing on my mind. He left, and I wept. Alone I sat out the night, unable to face sleeping alone. I was lost, I didn't know what to do or where to go. I knew I had to work tomorrow, there were hardly enough teachers at the school as it was, but I couldn't comprehend facing a single sensible adult, never mind a classroom full of children who scarcely knew the meaning of sad. By the time the early rays of spring sun hit my windowpane, I had made up my mind. I had a responsibility to the children, and I knew it was what Reece would have wanted. I had to teach the children. At six o'clock, as per usual, I arose and got dressed from head to toe in black. The colour of death, but also a symbol of authority. There was no sleepiness in my morning schedule, yet I was not fully awake. I got ready lifelessly, listlessly. Breakfast was missed – I fasted on – and set off early to avoid the mixed looks from the locals dotted around the village. It didn't work. As I walked through the centre of the village, I could feel the eyes upon my, burning through the headscarf I hid underneath. Quickly and determinedly, I headed up the small dirt track that lead to the school. The emptiness was still there, lurking threateningly at the back of my mind. Consciously pushing it even further back, I braced myself for the day ahead. Needless to say, that day wasn't my proudest as a teacher. As I walked into the classroom half an hour later than normal, the staring eyes of the naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve children almost reduced me to tears a second time. A sympathetic look from the young blonde teacher did nothing to console me, but I stayed strong – for Reece, and for the children. Taking a deep breath, putting on the nicest, sweetest voice I could muster, I addressed the children. ‘Hello, boys and girls.' ‘Hello Miss Webster,' they reply, chirpy as always. A lump welled in my throat, I began to sway again, so I grabbed the desk for support and took another deep breath. ‘Now, today boys and girls, we'll be drawing pictures of our favourite things for outside. Does everyone have something they like best?' Every head nodded. ‘Good. Peter, please give everyone a pencil. Glenys, can you give everyone a piece of paper please. Thank you.' As the two young kids set of to perform their duties, swollen with pride at being chose by the teacher to do a job. I sat on the edge on my old chair at the front of the classroom. The room was silent, save for the scribbling of pencils on paper and occasional unintelligible murmur from a child, hard at work. My mind drifted, back to Reece. His face drifted to the forefront of my mind, his features already beginning to haze as I used only my memory to imagine him. Just as I got his face into full focus, the emptiness that had been lying in wait at the rear of my mind crept forward, looming behind the smiling face. I tried to push it back, but there was nothing to push. His face melted away, the blankness washed over him like the sea rushing over drawings in the sand. It hit me a second time: I was alone. I jolted out of my seat, startled back into reality. I saw the upset look on the face of the little boy, QQQQQ who had come to show me the picture he had drawn. A robin. Fitting, I thought. Robins didn't migrate to the warmth with the other birds when winter came: Robins faced the harsh, bleak, cold winter alone. I felt I must do the same. I knelt down, plucked the picture from his hand and pinned it on the wall. I looked over at the old clock hung high on the wall, and saw it was break time. I excused the children as pleasantly as I could muster, and followed them out to the school playground. I stood for twenty minutes under the cold spring sun, and called for the children to come back in. Watching over them as they re-entered the school, one of the other teachers, Mrs Jones, a busybody by all means, in her late fifties, scurried towards me. ‘How're you coping, dearie?' she enquired, her caring tone easy to see through. I could do no more than nod. ‘Well the funeral's today, at half-past midday. Men only, of course, but they should pass right by on old Luther way.' The funeral. It had completely passed me by, and I felt ashamed for it. Traditional Welsh funeral of course, no female attendees, but perhaps if I could find a reasonable excuse†¦ The snowdrops. Of course, I had promised the children that I would show them the beautiful spring flowers. If I timed it right, the procession would pass right by. ‘Thank you, Mrs Jones,' I replied with a nod, as I entered the classroom. It was quarter to twelve. Half an hour. I pulled out the big story book from the bookshelf, and called around all the children as I sat down with it. Normally, I would put my heart and soul into reading aloud to the children, but today they were completely preoccupied, so my voice was flat and monotonous. The children were disappointed, but I had too much on my mind to attempt to remedy their disillusionment. I glanced up at the clock every five minutes, as the big hand turned slowly around on the wall. My whole body was tense, my throat was dry, my voice rasping. At twelve fifteen, I slammed the book shut, stood up, and led the children briskly through the chill outside air, hand in hand, to the bottom of the school grounds, where the snowdrops grew. As I watched their amazed faces stare in astonishment at the little white specks of purity, I could not help but long to be a child again, youthful and kept away from the harsh realties of life. Then I heard the bittersweet funeral chant, deep, dark and hauntingly beautiful, and my hands clutched at the little white gate leading to the road. My eyes blurred over and I cried, cried for all the good times and the bad times, wept in longing and loneliness, knowing I was destined to live my life incomplete.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 57

Assignment Example Choosing the above vehicle was motivated by several psychological impacts that the vehicle portrays. As buying behaviors under consumer psychology illustrate, a stylish brand that offers performance and comfort has a powerful psychological appeal to the consumer (Kardes, Cronley and Thomas, 37). Such a powerful appeal portrayed the vehicle as the right brand that offers value for money, performance and status in the market. A unique brand has to have performance, style and fashion. Personally, one lesson that had been learned was that any brand of vehicle purchased has to offer the best possible mix of the three attributes at the best cost possible. The vehicle portrayed self-confidence, adaptability and authority, necessary attributes in defining the utility function and satisfaction level of a consumer (Kardes, Cronley and Thomas, 201). As a role model in the society, there is a need to stand out from the rest in choosing the vehicle to use. Some family members owned the vehicle model and recommended it as one of the best performers compared to its range of vehicles. In addition, considering my job, having a vehicle with a stylish structure compared to the rest wields significant social power; the vehicle fits perfectly in my social class. The vehicle fits perfectly in the class and cultural needs of the middle class customers. Marketers segment the market into small units and offer products according to the needs of such segmented market (Kardes, Cronley and Thomas, 37). As such, marketers have realized that, in middle class, people look for class and style while still considering the overall cost of the vehicle. As such, Lexus RX fits directly into the social class and the market needs in this segment due to its versatility. The buying habits have changed considerably with time. Over the time, most appealing product has been the leading brands in the

Write a paper on text from Emile Durkheim's Selected Writings Essay

Write a paper on text from Emile Durkheim's Selected Writings - Essay Example The division of labor simply put, is the separation and specialization of work among people in the society. By separation, he means that people choose to work according to their interests and ability. And by specialization he means the area of work assigned to one either on his own or by any external force. This division of labor according to Durkheim is not a downfall of society; instead it actually is a pillar that would create an orderly society. This is what is termed as "Organic Solidarity" in his own words. "Social harmony comes essentially from the division of labor. It is characterized by a cooperation which is automatically produced through the pursuit by each individual of his own interests. It suffices that each individual consecrate himself to a special function in order, by the force of events, to make himself solidary with others." The idea of labor separation among people in reality helps our society to run smooth without interrupting one another and maintains proper order. We can clearly understand this from the following hypothesis by Durkheim: Thus, it is clear that the division of labor is a positive one for development and to preserve social order. We all survive because of the division of labor and it can be well explained with a simple example as this, "While shoemakers and carpenters may be functioning fine, if farmers stop working, everyone starves. If the carpenters quit, no one has any shelter. If the garbage haulers don't show up, the streets become dumps and diseases spread. Durkheim saw that without one another in a highly specialized society, no one can survive. This interdependence is why the division of labor does not destroy social order". I am quoting another passage to explain the question why division of labor is necessary and what impact does it have on the society "If work becomes progressively divided as societies become more voluminous and dense, it is not because external circumstances are more varied, but because struggle for existence is more acute." The quotation itself provides a clear answer to the question. Our society increases all the time and if we all choose to be on the same road the result would be an enormous failure and our existence will be shaken. This division of labor allows us to move on without disturbing the other and making our society a progressive one for our survival. Life keeps moving. It does not stick to a particular place or work. We need to adapt ourselves to the changes that life brings and walk hand in hand for our existence. This is the way I understand the implication of division of labor on us. Thus, division of labor helps us to look for a way and to make our life easier as well as well as a comfortable one. Conclusion "In short, since the division of labor becomes the chief source of social solidarity, it becomes, at the same time, the foundation of the moral order." I would like to conclude my essay with this passage that stresses the need for the division of l

Zara Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zara Marketing Plan - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that the company responds quickly and more efficiently to customers demand in the market and in so doing, Zara has remained in the forefront in delivering the latest fashion to customers at a fair price in locations like Paris and New York. Zara operates in more than 77 countries since 1990’s, a business that has grown from 6 stores in the year 1979. Later, several retail operations stores sprout up in major Spanish cities before going global as from 1988. The expansion of its market shows the growth in size, production and customer demand. To ensure sustainability in the market and satisfaction of customers, the company invests in innovation and creativity to enhance the introduction of new brands which targets different segments of customers in the market such as the â€Å"Pull & Bear†, â€Å"Massimo Dutti†, and the â€Å"Bershka†.This paper stresses that  the ability to identify the consumers in need of the latest fash ion and international brands has been the drive towards international growth. This presents Zara to other large competitors in the market such as Victoria’s Secret and GAP as well as from new entrants. The highly targeted market is women as they account for 60% of the company sales. In display, management saw to it that products were mixed from skirts, shirts, to pants; a move that enabled customers to get and buy, unique-well combined outfits.... In display, management saw to it that products were mixed from skirts, shirts, to pants; a move that enabled customers to get and buy, unique-well combined outfits. The firm has experienced exponential growth while employing its flexible and high-speed business model as this has enabled the sales to increase from $8.15 billion in 2006 to $17.2 billion in 2011. This is facilitated by the continual global expansion of its market as this has the company to open branches in 77 countries with over 4000 overall stores globally (Hansen 12). Analysis of issues The major issues facing Zara includes maintaining a strong and effective customer care, optimization of the high development and training cost as well as maintenance of the company’s ability of effectively responding to market needs. The production system of Zara is more flexible; hence, this calls for an efficient distribution system, fast supply chain and commitment of employees. Moreover, the new breed of shoppers calls for a new variety, freshness and loyalty. The brand should be able to serve the increased demand from a more educated and savvy consumers who demand more choices (Lynn et al 3). The major market comprises of full bodied women who are full size. Clothes are produced that will fit them properly so as to enhance their beauty. This market segment is more conscious on their looks and they enjoy shopping as they are hectic of socializing lifestyles. In essence, attention is laid on the plus size ladies aged 18-40 who work in big cities with mid range level of income or those in pursuit of higher levels of education. Customer service is an important tool in marketing and promotion. The company focused heavily on training of its sales team so as they may serve customers more effectively.

Taxation of Melisk Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Taxation of Melisk Ltd - Essay Example Melissa Kean is the MD of Melisk Ltd a cycling business operating in London, selling new and second hand bicycles and a range of cycling accessories. Customers include commuters, as well as local cycling enthusiasts and children. Melissa lives in a flat above the business premises which she also uses as her office.Melisk Ltd, has prepared the accounts as listed below for the period of account from 1st August 2011 to 31st January 2013The Income Statement showed the business made a net profit before tax of  £41,873 after taking into account the following information:Additional income from investments and property which was included in the Income Statement as shown below:1.  Depreciation was calculated on a reducing balance method and amounted to  £12,9002.  Melissa sold a car and the loss on sale was  £895.   This was included as an expense in the income statement.   You do not need to factor this into Capital Allowance calculations.CAPITAL ALLOWANCES3.  The value of wr itten down values for the main pool capital allowances as at 1 August 2011 wasCapital loss on sale of shares  4,370Business rates for shop and workshop  1,200Rent of warehouse space  5,000Council tax   1,400Repairs to warehouse floor  950Repairs to flat above shop  550Customer entertainment  1,700Motor Expenses (includes the cost of running the company car which is also used by Melissa privately for approximately 20% of the time)  1,200Subscription to magazine, ‘Cycling Monthly’  110General Provision for Doubtful debts  250

External Analysis on Noble Energy INC Case Study

External Analysis on Noble Energy INC - Case Study Example An organization is directly impacted by the occurrences of the external environment in which the organization functions. Moreover, the external environment provides the impetus and paradigm that shapes the function of a company. A number of reports and observation of the eminent scholars reflected that organization having the ability to adjust itself to the exterior environment, essentially survives in the marketplace. On the contrary, companies that fail to match up with the external requirements get eliminated from the competition and the industry. Therefore, from the above discussion it is obvious that a company should carry out in-depth analysis of the external business environment to enhance the chances of prospering. Proper analysis will not only help in better understanding and formulating appropriate strategies, but will also ensure improved productivity and better performance of the company (Williams and Cutis 4-8). This study will analyze the external business environment o f Noble Energy INC, which is a US based company involved in manufacturing and distribution of petroleum and natural gas. The external analysis of the company will encompass an overview of the general environment. Demographic segment, economic segment, political/legal segment, socio-cultural segment, technological segment as well as the global segment will be highlighted. In addition to the analysis of the external business environment, the study will also shed light on the industry driving forces. The next half of the study will carry out the activities mentioned above. However, before getting further deep into the study, a brief overview of the company is presented below: - Noble Energy INC: A Brief Overview Noble Energy, Inc. also known as Noble Affiliates Inc. is a Houston based oil and natural gas production and exploration Company. The company was founded in the year 1932 and is currently headquartered in Houston, Texas, United States. During the year 1985, the Noble Affiliates spun off the subsidiary Noble Drilling Corporation to the shareholders. This company in turn went public in the early 1990s. From then Noble Energy, Inc. became one of the major brands of as Noble Affiliates and customers started to recognize this company in the name of Noble Energy Inc. It is now an S&P 500 company of the world. During this span of 80 years in the market, the company has been able to achieve colossal success and added several feathers to its cap. Noble Energy is also the first company to have explored the Gulf of Mexico for the purpose of oil exploration. Moreover, it enjoyed so much power during a phase that it helped in shaping the industry as well as shaped its own future. Charles D. Davidson is the current chairman of the company and also acts as the CEO and president of the firm. As per the views of the stakeholders and customers, the company is best known for the proficiency in exploration, flexibility, innovation and technical expertise. Furthermore, the st rong financial platform and a well balanced portfolio offer prospering opportunities across the commodity price and economic cycles. Apart from USA, the company operates in several other parts of the world as well. For example, in South America it operates in Nicaragua and Argentina; in Africa, it functions in Cameroon and

Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Strategy - Essay Example This strategy is very effective since it will help to attract more students who may be inspired to join it. The responsible authority ought to use specially designed websites in order to present itself to the general public. Aspiring students can easily access any information about the university from the internet which can make it relatively easy for them to make informed choices. This can also help them to communicate with the responsible authorities so that they can get the information they may require about the institution. Communication is essential since it helps to bridge the gap between the aspiring students and the responsible authorities at the university. Other types of marketing communication strategies such as print media as well as television can also be used to advertise the marketing program offered by the university so as to be able to attract many students. The programs offered by the university can also be categorised into different groups in order to attract stude nts to a particular area of study. In this case, attracting a student to study a marketing degree program as a major requires a holistic approach by the institution. Efforts should be made to portray the strengths of the degree program. For instance, the marketing degree program is unique in that it encompasses courses that are not offered by any other institution in the area. ... This gives it a competitive advantage and it can only be achieved through the use of competent people with strong knowledge in marketing related areas. This is where Qatar University comes in handy since it offers a unique marketing degree program. The other advantage for enrolling for a marketing degree at Qatar University is that this program is flexible. It allows the student to select the courses they desire to study on their own, there are compulsory as a well as optional course where the students are given the opportunity to decide their workload. This gives them flexibility to effectively manage their studies since they make their own choices without any pressure. This also helps the student to plan his or her academic activities for the semester which can contribute to the success of that person in his or her studies. The student also has the opportunity to pursue other extracurricular activities at university since this program is quite flexible. This also helps to promote p sychological as well as physical development of the student such that he is prepared for the broad job market. A student studying marketing is also flexible to do other elective modules that are related to the main area of study which also helps to generate more knowledge in the marketing related field. The cost of the program is also relatively cheaper compared to the other institution. There is every reason to enrol for marketing program as a major at Qatar University given that it is affordable compared to the prices that are charged by other institutions in the region. There are different payment methods that are used to register for the marketing major program. The tuition fees can be paid in instalments over a certain period and

Specific Helping Skills Essay Example for Free

Specific Helping Skills Essay Abstract As a professional working in the field of Human Services, having specific helping skills are vital to the effectiveness of the services as well as the goals of the client. There are many elements that support both verbal and non-verbal communication. Contrary to the supportive elements that determine success, there are also a wide range of barriers that both the helper and the client may face. It is important for the helper to attend to several duties before meeting with a client such as completing appropriate forms or paperwork in order to gain as much information about the client as possible. The helper must also set up a comfortable environment for the client as the helping process can be intimidating which may hinder success. In addition to the duties of the helper prior to the initial meeting with a client, the helper must keep in mind effective questions that will guide them through the helping process. Specific Helping Skills that can be used with clients Everyone at some point in their life experiences problems. Although problems are a normal part of life, each individual experiences things at different levels. Some people are able to work through things quickly, efficiently, and effective. Other people may experience problems for longer periods of time or even for a life-time. Through these difficulties some may require assistance working through their troubles. When a helper is involved with a client, communication is the key to success. The most specific skill a helper can have with their client is effective communication which entails both verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal Non-Verbal Communication Verbal Communication is a helpful behavior to posses while communicating with a client as the helper must first determine what the problem is, and what the specific needs are. These questions are not easily answered if there is a lot of miscommunication and confusion on either side of the helping process. The job of the helper through verbal communication is to mirror the thoughts of the client in order to better understand the client’s thought process. This is helpful for both the helper and the client. For the helper, verbal communication helps to indentify either direct or indirect thoughts and feelings the client is trying to express. For the client, verbal communication helps them to better understand what they are truly feeling and thinking or expressing as well as give them a better understanding to the responsibility they have. The helper is to use paraphrasing or reiterating without speaking the thoughts or feelings for the client. At times it may be necessary for the helper to ask open ended questions that provide better understanding to establish services. Open-ended questions such as, â€Å"How exactly did the fight between the two of you start?† are important open-ended questions to ask because it lets the helper gather background information that may have been left out. It is best for the helper not to establish feelings in open-ended questions when speaking with a client such as, â€Å"I bet that made you angry, huh?† so these types of open-ended questions are best avoided. Also, when speaking with clients, the helper should try to avoid closed-ended question that are simply answered with a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† answer. For example, it would better to ask an open-ended question about how someone is feeling verse a close-ended question like, â€Å"Are you feeling better today?† As you can see, asking an open-ended question provides for better understanding of the client’s true thought process and needs. Most all of the communication communicated between a sender and a receiver is in response to non-verbal communication. Body language, posture, facial expressions, gestures, paralinguistic’s, eye contact, haptics, proxemics, and even a person’s appearance can all be defined as forms of non-verbal communication. These unspoken forms of communication and behaviors are subtle signals that most people are not even aware that they are sending to a receiver. Facial expressions are the most common form of non-verbal communication because a grimace or a smile can speak for the sender’s thoughts even before they verbally express them. Also, facial expressions are the most easily translated non-verbal communication signals as signs of happiness, sadness, and anger are express through the face the same. Eye contact, like facial expressions, is considered an important form of non-verbal communication. Looking at someone in the eyes can determine a level of interest, a sense of hostility, and even emotions. Speaking with ones hands, or better known as gestures, is another form of non-verbal communication. Waving or pointing in a direction can express a â€Å"hello† or direction without using verbal communication. Body language and posture movements can present a great deal of information about attitudes and feelings. Contrary, if a receiver is not focused on a sender’s posture and movements then body language may be less definitive in conveying a message being sent. Subtle postures such as arm-crossing, or leg-crossing, are just a few signs of body language. Proxemics and haptics are both forms of non-verbal communication that involve personal space and touch. Proxemics are the measures that a person views as their personal space when speaking to a person or a group. Haptics are a form of communication through touch. Infants are able to establish their care taker is communicating affection, and other emotions, through touch. Pitch, tone of voice, and the level at which one speaks is defined as paralinguistic’s. Paralinguistic’s are a good indicator of the meaning behind a message a sender is verbally trying to send. A sender may use a certain set of words to verbally express thoughts or feelings, but paralinguistic’s are a separate form of communication that is non-verbal. Appearance is the most audible form of non-verbal communication. How a person dresses, the colors they wear, or their hairstyle, can make the first impression that is the judgment one will pass based off of an initial appearance. An appearance may speak for the individual long before verbal communication ever takes place. Non-Verbal Barriers There are a number of non-verbal barriers that can present problems when communicating. Developmental disorders and brain dysfunction is just one area that may present problems for the helper. For example, autistic individuals may often times not be able to speak for themselves, and when an interpreter must step in to speak on behalf of the individual, communication may become difficult in the success of reaching the client’s needs. Cultural barriers are another form of a non-verbal barrier. Eye contact, gestures, the need for personal space, touch, and appearance, are just a few cultural differences that create cultural barriers. An individual may feel intimidated or uncomfortable sitting within close proximity of a helper when they feel their personal space is being invaded. Deceptive gestures can create miscommunication as well. This form of non-verbal communication barrier can host a number of problems for an individual who is not skilled in other areas of communication, both verbal and non-verbal, when they convey a message that may not be accurately presented. Deceptive gestures are not always communicated due to deception, but may be forms of nervousness, tension, or a number of other emotional states. Non-verbal barriers should be taken in to account when communicating with individuals as they may hinder the success of a client if they are overlooked or go un-noticed. The most specific skill the helper can posses when serving the needs of a client, or group of people, is to have effective communication. Both verbal communication and non-verbal communication are skills that can be acquired and involve knowledge and experience. The success of the client’s goals depends on effective communication between the sender and the receiver.

Special skills Essay Example for Free

Special skills Essay Moreover, employers are not just looking at our academic qualification to employ us as an accountant but also considering our other special skills, which will be advantage for us in getting a job among few hundreds of people. We can develop our special skills from young age and use it during interviews. Firstly, we should have excellent communication skills. Communications skills are the most important skill we need to have because it is a basic need in any field of jobs. An accountant cannot be good just at calculating numbers although accountancy involves numbers, sometimes we have to explain those numbers to clients with strong and clear voice. It will give a trust to our clients in the way we explain it. Furthermore, we can build up a friendly relationship with our fellow co-workers. This friendly relationship will help us during difficult times to solve our problems. In additionally, we can make friends with unknown people by having effective communication which will be useful in our future. Beverly D.  Flaxington, says, â€Å"When you are presenting to a board, an investor or a prospect, you need to know how to convey complex information in a way people can easily understand†. The next special skill an account requires is computer skills. Nowadays, almost all accountants will have to work with designed accounting software, which will make their work faster and simpler. Likewise, we can able to handle this job precisely if we are good with computers and can quickly learn new accounting software. Besides that, organizational skills are also significant skill for an accountant. Today, there are many group projects involving an accountant so there is necessary for an accountant to have organizational skills, which will bring success to the project. For example, in some projects, accountants need to schedule the time and manage budgets to complete the project magnificently. There are many other special skills such as an aptitude for math, strong analytical skills, a thirst for knowledge, a passion for detail. Today employers select or require at least a minimum a bachelors degree in accounting in order to employed as a staff accountant as accountant. A minimum of 3. 5 above CGPA is needed in order to be appointed as an accountant and with active involving in activities. Employers demand an individual to obtain at least 150 credit hours before becoming as a certified accountant. In an accounting related field, a masters degree is necessary for certain managerial positions as well as special certification. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is the largest and fastest-growing global professional accountancy body in the world. The ACCA is a famous requirement for huge organizations. Licensure such as Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) is also useful when you could not pass the ACCA exam. Although basic skills are good enough to enter the accounting field, the higher the level education you have the better your chances of you enhancing in an accounting career. Nowadays, employers seek for accountants who have more than one year working experience. This happens because employers believe that the accountant with experience will understand the work better and finish the work faster and accurately. Consequently, fresh graduates like us will suffer to get job because we are do not have any experience excluding our practical training about 6 months. Sometimes, if we are lucky or we know people who are working accounting field will an opportunity for us to get a job easily. The traditional career paths for political scientists academe and law are increasingly crowded. Todays graduates are just as likely to consider employment in the private as in the public sector, but there are relatively few sources to help you as you make your choices. This guide is designed to fill the gap and supplement other materials of a more general nature that will assist you in your job search. It is aimed at political scientists (at the B. A. , M. A. , and Ph. D. levels) seeking a career outside of an academic or teaching environment. This is not because careers of the latter type (or law for that matter) are so congested that they are not worth considering. Most universities and academic counsellors are familiar with these paths and can give good advice on how to follow them. The interest in non-academic careers is more recent, and so is less familiar. Something you have probably asked yourself (and been asked by others! ) is what can I do with a degree in political science? . Political science is not an accredited profession and so even the most capable political scientist is not qualified to do any particular job in the same sense as an engineer or a physician is. Indeed, the discipline as a whole has traditionally been somewhat resistant to the idea of career training for government service or the private sector. Even the public administration and public policy fields, which come closest to an explicit training model, prefer on the whole to remain at arms length from governments and corporations. This does not mean, however, that you lack specific skills that might be of use on the job market. While it is probably best to think as broadly as possible about the background and skills that you can offer to an employer, your academic training has nonetheless focused on one discipline, and you should see that as a strength. This guide assumes that while political science is not a unique qualification for any one career, it does confer because of the core concerns of the discipline some advantages in seeking employment with government departments and agencies, public affairs departments in private firms, interest associations and for research positions. A senior official with the government of Canada, for example, notes that political science has given me a wide background in the parliamentary process and provided me with certain writing and research skills. I am at ease when talking with parliamentarians about issues of the day, perhaps more so than those of my colleagues who have not had training in political science. This is a career guide, but it is not careerist. You should not pursue political science simply because political science may help in some ways to get you a job. If you are a junior undergraduate, you should consider your academic options as carefully as your career options. You will do better in a field that interests and challenges you than in a field chosen only because you think it might provide future employment. This guide shows you (and your parents! ) that political science can lead to satisfying and interesting careers. You should only choose political science if you think that it will satisfy your intellectual needs. By the same token, realize that there are few non-academic jobs for specialists in 18th century French materialism! If your inclinations already lie in a predominantly non-academic career, maximize the benefit of your academic training by taking courses in cognate disciplines such as economics, and acquire some familiarity with public sector organization, management, budgeting and policy-making. The job market these days is intensely competitive, and the best jobs will go to the best-prepared and most-qualified. One word of caution. This is not a complete job search guide. It has a specific audience in mind and a specific purpose as well: to sketch out the most likely alternative careers for political scientists and provide some basic information on who to contact and how to get started. There is much more to finding a job than can be contained in a short guide like this one. You should consult with a faculty member on possible career paths and opportunities. As well, some universities offer job or career counselling and placement services. Many companies and government agencies try to come directly onto campus from time to time to interview and hire, and you should keep your eyes open for events of this type (they come as early as September, so begin checking at campus employment centres around that time). You might also wish to consult some of the following sources on employment market trends and job search techniques and skills.

Mirror Mirror On The Wall Theology Religion Essay

Mirror Mirror On The Wall Theology Religion Essay This lovely phrase reminds us the enchanting story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs where the wicked queen peeps into a magical mirror and asks about her undoubted fairness in the whole world. As an innocent child I was deeply inspired by the fairytale as the world of fantasy attracted me. I would often pressurize my mother to buy me a magical mirror from the market thinking it to be easily available. My mother would laugh at my innocence and explained me that such magical mirror exists only in stories and fairytales and not in the real world. As time flew by, the thoughts of magical mirrors began to fade away from my mind and with age and maturity, I began to experience highs and lows of life. Sometimes there were colors of happiness and joy and sometimes sorrow and misery. When any problem became aggravated, I began to consult astrologers who blamed the adverse situation on the bad influence of the planetary positions. They would advise me to wear rings and amulets of precious and semi- precious stones to ward of the evil effects of the sun, the moon and other planets in our solar system. How do these rings and amulets work? Are they magical just like the magical mirrors in fairytales. Again my mind raced back to my childhood and once again a plethora of questions lay staring at me. All these little anecdotes have two things in common and that is magic and miracle. Is there anything called magical mirror where you can peep into your past, present or future? Do the planetary positions of our solar system affect human form positively and adversely? If my answer is positive, you may call me crazy and brand me superstitious as modern science do not believe in the supernatural powers of the universe. But you have to give me one chance to prove myself right and for this I have to narrate the life story of a strange man who was a distinguished alchemist, physician, astrologer, magician, philosopher and so on. His life story is simple but his unique ways of practicing occult science, magic, alchemy, medicine, astrology, cosmology and pneumatology was simply incredible and each trait needs to be highlighted to give this great man justice and recognition. So let us fly on a magical carpet into the world of Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus, nicknamed Paracelsus which simply means in par with Celsus, a Roman Encyclopedist who wrote a lot on medicines. It was Paracelsus who advocated that magical mirrors can be created, planetary positions can be a cause of worries and happiness. But above all this, as a devout Christian he firmly believed in the supremacy of the almighty and once quoted, Everything that happens takes place through the will of the supreme and faith into the things of the earth should be based upon the holy teachings of Christ. BIRTH AND FAMILY BACKGROUND: William Bombast of Hohenheim was a distinguished physician who was successfully practicing medicine in a hospital near Maria-Einsiedeln, Switzerland. It was here that he fell in love with the matron of the hospital (name is not known) and the two exchanged wedding vows in the year 1492. Their marriage soon blossomed and the couple was blessed with a bonny baby boy on the 17th of December 1493 in the vicinity of Maria-Einsiedeln, Switzerland. Williams happiness knew no bounds and he named his precious bundle of joy as, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus. But their joy was shortlived as tragedy struck the Bombast family when young Theophrastus lost the warmth and affection of his mother who expired after a brief illness. William was devastated by the loss of his beloved wife but soon gathered courage and began to pull the strings of his life. His sole objective was to nurture his young son and to fill his life with joy and happiness. Young Theophrastus was the apple of Williams eye and both lives not only began to revolve each other but also completing each other. STRONG FOUNDATION KEY TO SUCCESS: Not much is known about the primary and secondary education received by Paracelsus so we have to move to his adolescence age. As Paracelsus entered into his youth, he received valuable coaching in science from his father who tutored him with the fundamentals of alchemy, surgery and medicine. His father was not only his teacher but also his mentor, guide and best friend. This golden relationship between the father and the son laid a strong foundation which later on became the key to Paracelsus success in the field of medicine. Paracelsus too did not disappoint his father and picked up the nuances of science with much ease. William was quick to discover that his son had the required potential to become a great physician and decided to impart him formal education. He was soon enrolled in a convent of St. Andrew located in the beautiful valley of Savon, Switzerland and under the supervision of learned bishops, Eberhardt Baumgartner, Mathias Schedydt of Rottgach and Mathias Schacht of Freisingen acquired valuable knowledge on medicine and surgery. At the young age of sixteen, Paracelsus was enrolled at the University of Basel, where he received instruction from the famous Johann Trithemius of Spanheim who was a master in alchemy, magic and astrology. It was under Trithemius shadow that Paracelsus developed inclination towards occult science. Trithemius was impressed by Paracelsus love for occult science and directed him to gain entry into the laboratory of Sigismund Fugger of Tyrol, who was not only a celebrated alchemist but also possessed valuable secrets of occult science. Exactly how long Paracelsus studied alchemy, astrology and occult science under Sigismund Fugger is not known and so we move on to the next chapter of Paracelsus life. LIFE OF A VAGABOND: After his formal education under the supervision of learned bishops, Paracelsus decided to go on a global spree. He travelled widely to destinations like Germany, France, Netherland, Denmark, Sweden and Russia. When he reached Italy, he received an opportunity to serve the Imperial Army and experienced many warlike situations. This period of globe- trotting can be called as the turning point of his life as he came across many physicians, surgeons and alchemist who shared similar passion for occult science like Paracelsus. During his stay in Italy, he entered into physical relationships with several gypsies, fortune-tellers, midwives, barbers and shepherds and although it may sound vulgar but he did so to gain knowledge from the act. He was always found in the company of vagabonds on the highways and at public lodges and inns due to which he earned a bad name and was criticized by his narrow minded foes. Paracelsus was often criticized for his passion for wandering but his critics did not realize that travelling was the fundamental tool to acquire knowledge which according to him cannot be acquired in the comforts of a laboratory or a library. He strongly believed that knowledge cannot be confined within the boundaries of our own country, it does not follow us but waits for us to go in search of it. According to Paracelsus, Those who remain at home may live more comfortably, and grow richer than those who wander about; but I neither desire to live comfortably, nor do I wish to become rich. He who wants to study the books of nature must wander with his feet over its leaves. Paracelsus recommended that every part of the world signifies a single page in the book of nature and all the pages taken collectively formed the book that reveals its richness and abundance. PARACELSUS- A MIRACLE MAN: Paracelsus travelled extensively for a period of ten years, sometimes practicing his talents as a physician, or magician or an alchemist. At the age of thirty-two, he returned to Germany where acquired fame as a man with miraculous cures. He had surpassed all his colleagues with his superior medical skills and was termed as Dr. Miracle by the masses. Many patients that had been termed as incurable by other renowned doctors turned to Paracelsus for treatment and had been cured. Among the many patients were eighteen princes who were pronounced to be incurable by leading doctors. But what made Paracelsus different from others? Why were his medical skills considered to be superior than his colleagues? Did he possess some supernatural powers to cure the incurables or did he adopt a different strategy for treatment? To answer these questions, we have to analyze his skills of that of a physician, magician, astrologer and alchemist in detail. But first, we have to understand in depth Paracelsuss views and explanations on the cosmic structure as a whole, mankind and the doctrine of holy spirits. It is rather difficult but not impossible to get a perfect understanding for our readers, unless they use their own intuition, and get into the mentality and skin of Paracelsus. STUDY OF THE COSMIC STRUCTURE- COSMOLOGY: According to Paracelsus, the entire cosmos is created by God and we are his children. His view is inspired from the prayer in bible, In the name of our father and our sons and the holy spirit, Amen. God is the Constructor of the world, Carpenter of the universe and the Sculptor of all forms. God created man from four core elements, namely Air, Water, Fire and Earth. To bring him to life, he added spirit into them. Thus spirit is living and life is spirit which unite together to produce all things. Nature is that part of the universe which is created by God to essentially provide us a cushion to breathe easy. Thus all living organism in nature have to sympathize and live in harmony with each other. Paracelsus termed all the living products of the constellation as Macrocosm and man as Microcosm, both with one breath, one time, one fruit and above all one authority. Man is dependent on nature for its very survival and nature is dependent on the state of mankind. According to Paracelsus, that part of science which can describe the principles governing the Macrocosm and Microcosm and the relationship between them is termed as Astronomia. Paracelsus termed a part of astronomia as magic, wherein he states that magic is a science used to discover the ideal relation or connection of the soul to our physical body just like the way the sun shines through a glass. Further he explained that each organ of our body is in harmony with other parts. For example, there exist harmony between the heart and the lungs and between the stomach and the brain. He also established a connection between the stars and the plants and between plants and human body. Just like a magnetized bar of iron may produce magnetic effects on the other part of iron, leaving copper and brass unaffected, same way some medicinal plants may act as remedies to cure certain diseases. VIEWS ON MANKIND AND THE HOLY SPIRIT: Paracelsus strongly believed that the constitution of man is based on seven principles which are stated below. The Physical or the elementary body, i.e. Stool Sharira. The Mumia or the vital force, i.e. Jiva. The Astral body or the Sidereal Body, i.e. Linga Sharira. The Animal Soul or the Kama Rupa. The Human or Rational Soul, i.e. Karana Sharira Manas. The Spiritual Soul, i.e. Buddhi. The Spirit or the Divine Atma. He has given a very comprehensive explanation regarding all the seven principles constituting a man in his work called, Philosophia Sagax. But the principle which needs to be mentioned here and which every human being is afraid is the death of a man. According to him, death is nothing but the end of the daily labour of man. Being a devout Christian, he strongly believed that every human being possesses the elements of earth and earth is his mother. When he dies, he re-enters in to her and loses its flesh. And perhaps referring to Christ he says, Only the real man will be re-born at the day of the resurrection into another spiritual and glorified body. According to Paracelsus, after death, the physical body decomposes into dust but a vital part of the principle which comprises the highest essence of life passes into a higher state called, Olympus Novvs, where they unite with their origin, the Mysterium Magnum, the essence of life or the Parabrahman (mentioned in the Vedas of Hindu Scriptures) Paracelsus cautions that this fate is met by people who die a natural death but not for those who die prematurely either due to accidents or suicides. In such cases, the invisible residues of the human body remains in the state till death would have arrived naturally and according to the laws of nature. They remain in the earths sphere and are full of earthy passions and desires. Paracelsus calls them Caballi Lemures and they often lurk in places where they have spent or resided during their lifetime. People often believe that such spirits cannot be destroyed by sprinkling holy water or by burning incense and even arranging religious ceremonies for the purpose. According to Paracelsus all these have no effect on the spirit and the best way to keep evil spirits away is positive will power. If we stand by good and love the source of good we will never succumb to the evil powers of the force. If however evil spirits causes severe depression to you then Paracelsus recommends wearing of red corals to ward off melancholy as they are stimulated by Sun. A healthy mind is like a temple which cannot be invaded without the will of its priest. Minds that are pure and illuminated by the force of truth cannot be possessed by evil spirits. PARACELSUS- A MEDICAL GENIUS: According to Paracelsus every vital organ in the human body is in sympathy with certain principles in the universe. The heart is influenced by elements of the sun, the brain with the moon, the gall bladder with planet Mars, the lungs with Mercury, the liver with Jupiter, the kidneys with Venus and the spleen with Saturn. Accordingly, there are various plants and herbs which have a corresponding sympathy with these astral influences. Each herb or plant has to be plucked when the planet to which it is related rules the hour and its substance or the essence should be absorbed when it is fresh. Paracelsus has categorized each planet in conjunction with the plants as follows: Sun- Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavunda officinalis and Melinda Officinalis for the treatment of acute inflammation, heart disease and rheumatism. Moon- Thymus majorna, Ruta graveolens and Helleborus niger for the treating patients suffering from insanity, hysteria, and nervous diseases. Mercury- Pulmonia officinalis, Althaea officinalis and Plantago laureola for the treatment of Pneumonia and inflammations of Mucous Membrane. Venus- Onosis spinosa, Verbascum Thapsus and Apium petroselinum for curing diseases of kidney and bladder. Mars- Carduus Benedictus, Urticaria diocia, Erythraea Centaurium for fevers, eruptive fevers and diseases of violent nature. Jupiter- Ruta graveolens, Hepatica Nobilis, Cannabis Sativa for curing jaundice and other diseases related to liver. Saturn- Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Scrophula Nodosa for the treatment of piles, hypochondria, etc.) Paracelsus criticized other physicians as he discovered that they did not pay any attention to the planetary positions and killed more patients than they cure as the medicine that may be effective at one time may be harmful at another depending on the prevailing astral influence. Thus Paracelsus proved that planetary positions do not directly effect upon the physical body of men but on their essence which constitutes the elements of the universe. In simple words he has repeatedly emphasized that the vital parts of our body are representatives of invisible energy that are circulating in the whole system. PARACELSUS- AN EXTRAORDINARY ALCHEMIST Alchemy is an art that cannot be comprehended without spiritual knowledge and astrology cannot be understood without proper knowledge of mathematics and logic. Just as chemistry is the study of physical matters, alchemy deals with astral ideologies. Astronomy is the study of planets and stars and astrology deals with influences of these stars on man. Paracelsus defined alchemy as an art in which the fire of nature i.e. the astral light is the main artist. According to him, a human being is composed of three elements namely Sulphur, Mercury and Salt. A person is healthy if these three elements maintain their proportion with respect to their quantity. But the moment any of these elements deviates from its correct proportion, disease strikes the human body. These three elements are not visible to the naked eye but are acted upon the fourth principle which is called Life. Paracelsus was critical of physicians who prescribed endless list of medicines without discovering the cause of the disease. Paracelsus has mentioned his valuable secret of alchemy in his work called, Tinctura Physica which is a bible of alchemy. He confirmed that composition of pure metals produces a scintillating effect around us. Paracelsus was of the view that if we create a composition of seven metals in a desired proportion and at the proper time, then we will acquire a metal which will contain the qualities of all the seven metals. Paracelsus termed the metallic mixture as, electrum. The preparation of electrum magicum is quite daunting task as each metal has to be in its purest form. The metals have to be prepared in its right proportion and during the conjunction of various planets at that time. Many astonishing devices can be created from electrum such as amulets, magical finger rings, arm rings, bells and other things containing magical powers. According to Paracelsuss calculations, magical mirrors can be created from the electrum magicum where you can peep into events of the past and the present, see your hidden enemies and long lost friends. PARACELSUS VIEWS ON ASTROLOGY: Paracelsus was of the view that astrology is closely connected with magic, medicine and alchemy. He believed that each body attracts planetary influences when in harmony and repels the others. For this man has to understand his own constitution to comprehend the influence of the astral influence which rules the sky. Paracelsus did not approve of anyone calling him a professional astrologer who simply makes horoscopes. He understood the higher trait of astrology by which the relation of Macrocosm and Microcosm are understood. According to him, No one needs to care for the course of Saturn: it neither shortens nor lengthens the life of anybody. Often we grumble or are envious of other peoples success and riches and blame it on our stars. But Paracelsus refutes such allegations and strongly emphasizes that stars are free for themselves and force nothing into us. It is actually the spirit of oneself that makes a man more appropriate than the others. At the same time he strongly condemned those ceremonies that attract spirits by saying that, Whatever comes from the spirits is sorcery. According to Paracelsus, our body is created from elements, our soul from the star and the spirit comes from the almighty. Paracelsus refers stars as not merely the physical bodies that exist in our solar system but the principles in the cosmos. The sun and the moon attract something from our body and our body too attracts something from them as each body is in harmony with the astral influences of the heavenly bodies. This is evident from the use of talisman and amulets which produces an astral form on the bearer. Man should obey the will of God as wisdom can be acquired from God. If this inner consciousness is awakened then the mysteries of nature will be easily comprehended by spiritual knowledge. MAGIC VERSUS SORCERY: Paracelsus has clearly made remarkable demarcation between magic and sorcery. Magic causes illumination, light and is white in form whereas sorcery is concerned with darkness and black in form. Magic is the study of supernatural powers of the nature and an individual must possess complete knowledge of natural science to acquire the skills of magic. Strong imaginary power and enormous faith are the two vital ingredients to construct the temple of magic. By imaginary power, Paracelsus refers to creative power of a man. According to Paracelsus, women possess stronger imaginary power because of their compassionate nature and stronger desires as compared to men. This is evident from the fact that if a woman loves anyone, she will love with all her devotion but if she hates somebody, God save him. Strong faith has fantastic powers and we human beings do not realize it. An evil spirit, like a spear may try hard to pierce our body and cause some disease but if our faith in the supreme power of God is strong, it will act as an armour and protect us. Diseases can be effectively cured if men understood the power of faith and not superstition. The secret behind Paracelsus magical cure was his enormous faith in the power of the God who acts through him. Paracelsus also cautions that those physicians who cure diseases only with a belief that he will be able to overcome it, beliefs in superstition, but physicians who realize that he possess the power to perform and is aware of his power will perform what is called, a miracle. VARIOUS REMEDIES BASED ON PHILOSOPHYICAL AND THEOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS: According to Paracelsus, strong reasoning power is a prerequisite to be a proficient philosopher and a true theosophist must possess the knowledge to perceive spiritual powers. To obtain spiritual power, we first have to realize what is good and what is evil and without knowing evil we will never be able to realize what is good. The moment we understand what is good, it becomes a reality and we attain the highest degree of happiness as God resides within the spirit of man. Often it happens that we are thinking of a person from a long time and all of a sudden that person calls us. The very first expression is, Oh! I was just thinking to call you and see you called. What a coincidence? But according to Paracelsus it is the magical power of will of the person which sends signals to the other person to contact him or her. Paracelsus also believed that it is possible for us to communicate with the spirit of the deceased by keeping his or her picture under our head with a question you wish to ask. The answer will be interpreted in our powerful dreams. But this experiment should only be initiated if you have undeterred and enormous faith in the spirit, because it is our faith which will strike communication with the spirit. According to Paracelsus, Man belongs to two spirits- Animal Spirit or Human Spirit. A person who belongs to animal spirit will behave and live like animal during his life and will be animal after he dies, but a man with human spirit will always remain human. Another important aspect of Paracelsus theological work was his study of medicinal herbs which serves as an Elixir of Life. In the mythological story of Ramayana, Lord Rams brother Laxman, who was seriously wounded in the battle with Ravan, King of Lanka, was saved by a medicinal herb called Sanjivani Booty, the Life Elixir, prescribed by sage Agastya. Paracelsus believed that a person who has taken birth has to die but there is nothing wrong in protecting himself from evil astral influences, accidents, epidemics and old age. Paracelsus strongly recommended, a remedy called Primum Ens for prolonging the age of human being. The Primum Ens Melissae is prepared by a unique concoction of pure carbonate of potash, a plant called Melissa and alcohol. Finally one of the most secretive and valuable remedy which Paracelsus discovered was, Zenexton, a unique tablet made by grinding live toads, roots of certain medicinal herbs, pearls, coral, saffron, musk and amber and many other elements. When the mixture dries up it has be to cut in to tablets when the moon is in the sign of Scorpion. The tablet has to be draped in a red silk cloth and to be worn as an amulet around the neck to ward off evil astral influences, diseases, poison and black magic. Thus from the above, we have discovered the secret of Paracelsus success in the field of medicine, surgery, magic, alchemy and occult science. But as Paracelsus rose to fame he was subject to professional envy as other physicians lagged the intelligence and foresight of Paracelsus. He was also kind enough to treat the poor without any charging any fees, an act which was met with much resentment among his colleagues. But what an irony, many a times his noble act was not acknowledged and was often ridiculed. Once a rich wealthy, Count Philippus of Baden, who was termed as incurable by celebrated physicians, Paracelsus cured him in short time. But instead of being rewarded for his generosity, he was shown the door. This only gave his oppositions an opportunity to rejoice but that did not discourage Paracelsus as he continued to perform his wonderful cures. PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE: As Paracelsus enjoyed travelling a lot, he visited Basel in the year 1527 and was appointed as Professor of Medicine and Surgery by the City Council for which he received handsome salary. Unlike his colleagues who merely lectured on works written by other medical healers like Hippocrates and Avicenna, Paracelsus designed his own course material. The principles he imparted his students were of his own and hence his popularity among them increased. Also he gave lecture in German instead of Latin which again was not favoured by his colleagues. As a part of the Office of the City Council, he voluntarily offered his services to supervise the conduct of the Compounders, whether they are aware of their business and whether they have stock of genuine drugs to prevent them from inflating the prices of essential drugs. He would often admonish other physicians to stop digging gold and instead pay attention in the search of new medicines. FAME ATTRACTS ENVY: No sooner a person gains fame and popularity, his list of foes grow endlessly. The City druggist began to hate Paracelsus for his measures to control prices of essential drugs. Other physicians and professors too grew jealous of his increasing popularity and success in curing diseases. They all joined together and demanded an explanation from the University for hiring Paracelsuss services. These envious people declared Paracelsus as a stranger, a quack and requested the University to probe whether Paracelsus is a real doctor or not. In order to prevent events from turning worse, Paracelsus resigned from the University and left Basel in the year 1528. From Basel, Paracelsus arrived at Colmar and later on visited Esslingen in the year 1529 and Nuremberg in 1530. In Nuremberg too, physicians called Paracelsus a quack and an imposter. Tired of being taunted a quack on numerous occasions, Paracelsus decided to confront the situation. He requested the City Council to send some patients suffering from incurable diseases. The City Council obliged and sent few patients suffering from elephantiasis which Paracelsus cured successfully in a very short span of time and free of cost. He SUCCESS MEETS DEATH: Inspite of achieving success in Nuremberg, Paracelsus efforts and services were drastically ignored. He continued his life as a vagabond wandering from places to places. He visited places like Noerdlingen in the year 1530 followed by Munich, Regensburg, Amber and Meran. In the year 1531 he visited St. Gall and then to Zurich in the year 1535. All this while, he gathered few disciples who were impressed by Paracelsus cures and desired to acquire his secrets and art of medicines. Among his followers were Johannes Oprimus, Adam von Bodenstein, Alexander von Suchten, Peter Severinus, Oswald Crall and many others. As he continued with his passion of travelling, he reached Salzburg where the Duke of Ernst of Bavaria requested him to join his court as a physician. Finally, Paraclesus acquired a position where his medical skills were recognized and obtained widespread fame. But fate was not in favour of Paracelsus. This joyous period of richness and fame ended tragically as Paracelsus succumbed to a mysterious death in a small Inn called, White House on the 24th of September 1541. His remains were buried the next day in the grave of St. Sebastian. There is not much evidence to prove that Paracelsus was indeed murdered. Primary investigations revealed that Paracelsus was hit by a blunt object on his head by some anti-social elements hired by local physicians which eventually led to his death. One German physician Dr. S.Th.von Soemmering, who examined the body of Paracelsus, discovered a fracture on the skull believed to be the cause of death. Paracelsus bones were unearthed in the year 1527 and entombed in the Chapel of St. Philippi Neri, in the vicinity of the St.Sebastian where his monument proudly stands today. PARACELSUS RICH LEGACY: Paracelsus himself was not an avid reader or a writer, a fact which is corroborated by his disciples and followers. He would only dictate his work to them without utilizing any manuscripts and books. According to him, Reading never made a physician. Medicine is an art and requires practice. Few of his work were published during his life time namely, De Gradibus et Compostionibus Receptorum et Naturalium published in the year 1526 and Chirurgia Magna published at Ulm in the year 1536. To display their affection and gratitude to their master Paracelus, his disciples, Gerhard Dorn, and Martin Ruland composed a dictionary called Lexicon Alchemicum which comprises unique terms used by Paracelsus. However Paracelsus was quite discreet when it came to sharing his valuable secrets as he feared it may be go in wrong hands. One of his disciple, Johannes Oprimus who served Paracelsus for three years was upset with Paracelsuss secretive nature and connived with his enemies. However after Paracelsuss death, Oprimus turned remorse and repented for his indiscreet behavior. Paracelsus did not leave behind him material goods but his work which displays his abundant knowledge of medicine. Even when he died, the only things found in his possession were a copy of Bible, a Biblical commentary on Bible and a book written on medicine. CONCLUSION: Paracelsus was among those few who treated patients as his textbook and the sickbed as his course of study. His passion for travelling was instrumental in acquiring knowledge and found his best teachers among vagabonds, gypsies, barbers, midwives and executioners. Phenomenas of nature were of more value to him and his love for God an essence for survival. If you have read and understood this biography you will be amazed to discover that Paracelsuss doctrines are based on his study of Bible and bear a striking resemblance to the Vedas. The main reason why Paracelsus principles and work are not implemented today is that his system has not been completely understood by our modern medical practitioners. Hope a time will come when his fundamentals will be understood and a breakthrough is achieved in the field of medical science. Till then my dear readers, Be Good to Others, have Faith in God and your Life is Insured. QUOTES BY PARACELSUS: Medicine rests upon four pillars-Philosophy, Astronomy, Alchemy and Ethics. But is not He who created it for sake of the sick body more than the remedy? And is not He who cures the soul, which is more than the body greater. The interpretation of Dreams is a great art. What sense would it make or what would it make or what would it benefit a physician if he discovered the origin of the diseases but could not cure or alleviat

Taxation and Political Stability Essay -- Government, Politics, Tax Re

The proposed analysis: taxation and stability policy with a sample of 60 countries around the world during the period 2002 to 2008, helping to make distinctions between the political instability experienced but maintained high taxation, and those states with political stability but with a low taxation. The few variables that are used in the model, and its reduction to a two-way relationship is one of its merits, when compared with other models used in similar studies. The model also contains a simple explanation for a complex problem: measuring the taxing power and its relations with political stability, and vice versa, to measure political stability based on taxation. The model results are not linear, but rather its variables: (Tax, PS, GE, FC and GDP) are involved in the system with a relative weight. In any case shows that the bijective relationship between taxation and political stability depends on the institutional framework and the type of government. Political stability can b e a good predictor of tax stability, although not the only key factor. It is possible to suggest on the basis of these results that the political and institutional stability determines the conditions of economic risk and civil war, divisions between parties and violent conflict, so typical in countries with political instability. Literature rewiev Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler (2009a, 2009b, 2004) have presented arguments to quantitatively assess the causes of political instability and civil wars. Its central hypothesis is that economic opportunities are the main causes of civil wars.Democracies established in dangerous conditions for the resumption of armed conflict, as stressed also James Fearon and David Laitin (2003), in some cases politic... ...me, the model also suggests that the tax reform process can often contain political instability. Previous research has shown that transitions to democracy often go through intermediate regimes (Collier, Pzevorski). This work has shown that can happen a variety of political instability, partial democracies with tax systems of low or high incomes. In a majority of the unstable political regimes of low tax risk is evident. Taxation, as noted, may have indirect relationships with political instability in complex regimens. In any case, when institutions are subordinated to radical struggles between factions or political parties, the tax is at risk of being godless by taxpayers or the sensors are installed in revenue, ready to devour the budget. Then, the corrections made to the fiscal policy effects are not always assertive on the general policies of public spending. Taxation and Political Stability Essay -- Government, Politics, Tax Re The proposed analysis: taxation and stability policy with a sample of 60 countries around the world during the period 2002 to 2008, helping to make distinctions between the political instability experienced but maintained high taxation, and those states with political stability but with a low taxation. The few variables that are used in the model, and its reduction to a two-way relationship is one of its merits, when compared with other models used in similar studies. The model also contains a simple explanation for a complex problem: measuring the taxing power and its relations with political stability, and vice versa, to measure political stability based on taxation. The model results are not linear, but rather its variables: (Tax, PS, GE, FC and GDP) are involved in the system with a relative weight. In any case shows that the bijective relationship between taxation and political stability depends on the institutional framework and the type of government. Political stability can b e a good predictor of tax stability, although not the only key factor. It is possible to suggest on the basis of these results that the political and institutional stability determines the conditions of economic risk and civil war, divisions between parties and violent conflict, so typical in countries with political instability. Literature rewiev Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler (2009a, 2009b, 2004) have presented arguments to quantitatively assess the causes of political instability and civil wars. Its central hypothesis is that economic opportunities are the main causes of civil wars.Democracies established in dangerous conditions for the resumption of armed conflict, as stressed also James Fearon and David Laitin (2003), in some cases politic... ...me, the model also suggests that the tax reform process can often contain political instability. Previous research has shown that transitions to democracy often go through intermediate regimes (Collier, Pzevorski). This work has shown that can happen a variety of political instability, partial democracies with tax systems of low or high incomes. In a majority of the unstable political regimes of low tax risk is evident. Taxation, as noted, may have indirect relationships with political instability in complex regimens. In any case, when institutions are subordinated to radical struggles between factions or political parties, the tax is at risk of being godless by taxpayers or the sensors are installed in revenue, ready to devour the budget. Then, the corrections made to the fiscal policy effects are not always assertive on the general policies of public spending.

Abortion is not Murder in the right circumstances Essay -- essays rese

Abortion Is Not Murder under the Right Circumstances She was only twelve, only for a walk on the street right by her house when he got to her. The experience was terrifying and all she wanted to do was forget about it, forget about him on top of her, making her do things that should only be done with someone she loves. The rape is finally over and he lets her go after making her promise not to tell. A few weeks after the rape she still hadn’t told, but started feeling woozy and nauseous in the morning; she went and consulted in her mother. After waiting out what she believes was a stomach flue for another few weeks she saw that her belly started to grow. She finally told her mother what had happen and the little twelve year old girl was 4 weeks pregnant. A heated discussion among students, parents and government officials is whether abortion should be legal. I recently read an article about a twelve year old girl who had been raped and had her child because no one gave her the option of abortion, her family felt that she would e mbarrass the family because it was morally wrong. Would it have been wrong for this child to theoretically murder her newborn? Murder is the act of taking another’s life with malicious thoughts; it is also taking the life of another human being without medical supervision and by brutal ways. I believe that abortion is not murder if none of those three apply, in the right circumstance, abortion is not murder. Nuss-2 Abortion is the act of terminating...

Oprah Winfrey Eulogy for Rosa Parks Essay

This paper will evaluate the Oprah Winfrey Eulogy for Rosa Parks â€Å"†¦God uses good people to do great things.† The purpose of this speech to evaluate Oprah Winfrey speech utilizing the critical thinking skills that have been acquired during term. The paper explains the purpose of the speech as well as answers questions to why words or phases were selected. Given the General Education Assignment in my Critical Thinking class was to evaluate the famous eulogy that Oprah Winfrey had spoken on October 31, 2005 at Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, D.C. for Rosa Parks. This speech was given in front of Reverend Braxton, family, friend, admirers, and the amazing choir. The purpose of this speech was for people to understand young Oprah’s Winfrey appreciation of Rosa Parks and what she did Oprah’s speech is about the effect that Rosa Parks had on her as a child growing up in the South, during height of the Civil Rights Movement. Oprah remembered as a child, how her father explained to her about this colored woman (Rosa Parks) who had refused to give up her seat and in her mind, she thought â€Å"she must be really big.† Oprah imagined that Rosa Parks must be at least 100 feet tall and must be a stalwart, strong, and carrying a shield to hold back all the white folks. This is especially significant, considering that unlike the few black public figures of the time who were ministers, athletes, and entertainers. Rosa Parks was a regular person, a house keeper who rode the bus like young Oprah herself. Oprah Winfrey began to state how it was an honor for her as a â€Å"colored person† to be able to present a speech for a well known African American female hero. I personally found it interesting that Oprah used the term â€Å"colored† to describe African American people considering it’s been deemed inappropriate for the better part of the last forty years or so. This term â€Å"colored† is offset by a set of quotations which relates back to Fundamentals of Critical Thinking by Burton Porter in Chapter 2, where he states that in the process of communication we usually employ wo rds to convey some meaning, but occasionally we refer only to the words themselves and not to what they convey. We know that in this case Oprah was using this word because it had a particular meaning which grouped all African American people. Oprah intentionally used this term that was looked at as negative at the time to exalt Rosa Park’s and her accomplishments This relates to how oppressed people has used terms to denigrate them and turn them around as terms of endearment or pride. Oprah’s speech went on to describe how Rosa’s sacrifices inspired her to become the woman that she became today. â€Å"Without that inspiration, after being raped at age 9 and having a baby at age 14, she may not have been able to work on the radio while still in high school or co-anchored the local evening news at age 19.† www.Oprah.com Oprah Winfrey was headed towards to the life of being a regular person just as Rosa Parks, living a normal life as many other African Americans, fighting for equal rights. Oprah also thanked Rosa for herself, and for every colored girl, and colored boy, who didn’t have heroes who were celebrated. Referring back to Porter in Chapter 10, this was an inductive generalization of Rosa Park’s impact on Oprah and the world in general. Inductive generalization tends to get us in trouble as if did for Oprah in this speech because there was only a few sample statements based on one or two instances where a conclusion was drawn. Porter quotes George Hegel â€Å"An idea is always a generalization, and generalization is a property of thinking; to generalize means to think.† I would personally say this speech was very informal as it didn’t give specific examples of how Rosa actions impacted Oprah’s trajectory. There is no definitive evidence that what Rosa Parks did impacted Oprah going on to become the most successful talk show host in the history of broadcasting. Don’t tell that to Oprah because she stated herself that she would not be where she is today if it had not been for Rosa Parks. Overall, I believe that although this was an inductive speech, it highlighted Rosa Park’s impact on Oprah Winfrey and the Country in general. The language and terminology used in this speech does relate closely to the understanding of today’s literature. This speech was presented in a very straight forward way. The fact that Rosa Park’s did not give up her seat on the bus, to a white male, has made history for the Equal Rights Movement. Reference 1. www.Oprah.com 2.The Fundaments of Critical Thinking. Burton F. Porter Copyright 2002.

Interview with a human resource manager Essay

Many organizations build human resource management section separately so that an expert service is provided to the people and the human resource function performed efficiently. These organizations consider people as their most priceless assets and so they need managers in this section who are efficient, responsible and devoted to the rules and regulations of the respective organization. For this they need a capable person who can cover up the responsibilities excellently and help in further development of the organization. Different organizations have varied expectations from the candidate and the ecruitment is done according to the requirements of the company. It depends upon the size of the company, the physical nature of the products, the size of the staff members, its functions, aims and complexities that decide what exactly is expected from a human resource department. A human resource manager has to keep a balance between the employer and the employees. He has to act as an advocate for both, the organization and the people who work for it. Only one or two decades ago the human resource manager was associated with personnel and administrative division of the company and mostly confined to some aper work. They had to deal with hiring of the employees for different sections of the company, paying them and dealing mostly with their benefits. But today most of the organizations are customer centered and are becoming more adaptable to changes needed for successful marketing strategy. So the responsibilities of today’s human resource manager is to take care of customer satisfaction and make specific changes considering success in marketing along with taking care of the benefits of the employees, payroll and do some paper work as well. The HR manager has to be very attentive and cautious with ny and every change that is taking place in the marketing policy. With the globalization of small and big businesses, it seems that the development of an organization depends quite a lot on the human resource manager and so he is answerable to almost every aspect of marketing and customer satisfaction section. This includes a lot of work pressure, which burdens the professionals a lot. Almost every human resource manager is suffering form this problem and feels the pressure from various directions. They have to discuss the matters and the targets need to be achieved in imited time and above all be updated with the latest in marketing strategy. Those who are interested in regular competition and want to progress fast can try and make human resource manager a career but I feel that with so much of work pressure a man will have to sacrifice a lot in life just to satisfy his ego and earn success and new heights in monetary section. With flexible working hours the manager has to sacrifice various aspects of recreation and relaxation with family and friends. With stress and conflicts in the organization, the human resource manager needs to take care of it before it does any harm to the organization. He needs to be like a team leader and convince the employees with the views of the management and vice versa. Open communication and discussion helps a lot and the manager balances if there is any aggressive attitude in the employees. The only thing that I work out from the interview with a human resource manager is that the job satisfies people who are very ambitious and enthusiastic. It is not that the job or its responsibilities are not reachable. Some managers find it very challenging and like to work in a competitive environment so that the charm of life and work remains there for them.

Rates of Reactions Essay

Apparatus: 4 beakers (250 ml), 4 test tubes (18 mm x 150 mm), centigram balance, test tube rack, measuring cylinder (25 ml), marking pen, stop watch, thermometer, water and ice cubes, top pan balance, hot plate, power source, safety goggles, a lab coat, 3.0 molar hydrochloric acid and uniform size of marble chips. METHOD: 1. Label four 250 ml beakers A, B, C & D. 2. Pour150 ml of water into beakers A, B and C only. In this experiment, these beakers will be used as water baths and for this reason, place a thermometer in each of these beakers to check the water bath temperature. Beaker D is to remain empty until step 9. 3. Put a test tube containing 10ml of 3.0 molar of hydrochloric acid into each of the beakers (A, B and C) partly filled with water. 4. Place the beakers (B and C) containing the test tubes on an electrical hot plate, switch on the power and place a thermometer into each of the four test tubes. 5. Read each thermometer until the water in beaker B reaches 37Â ºC and the water in beaker C reaches 100Â ºC (i.e. when the water boils). At these points, remove the beakers from the hot plate and switch off the power. 6. Wait a few minutes and check the thermometers until the test tube temperatures are constant, and similar to the temperature of the water bath. 7. Add 0.25 g of weighed marble chips to beaker B (37Â ºC), and time the period of reaction between the marble chips and the hydrochloric acid with a stopwatch. When all the marble chips have fully dissolved and the reaction ceased, stop the stopwatch and note down the time taken for the reaction. 8. Write down these results into the results table and repeat this process for beaker C (at 100Â ºC) and beaker A (at room temperature – approximately 20Â ºC). 9. Finally with beaker D, place a thermometer in this beaker to provide a temperature check and then add 150 ml of crushed ice to act as a constant temperature ice bath. Again, wait a few minutes and check the thermometers until the test tube temperatures are constant and similar to the temperature of the ice in the beaker (I.e. 0Â ºC). Add 0.25g of weighed marble chips. Then finally use the stopwatch to time how long it takes for the marble chips to dissolve in the hydrochloric acid and write down the results. 10. Clean up used materials and wash hands thoroughly. VARIABLES: Independent Variables: Temperature. Dependent Variables: The reaction time. CONTROLS: The standard 10 ml volume of 3.0 molar hydrochloric acid in each test tube, the mass, uniform size and surface area of the five marble chips placed into each acid, constant temperature measurement using a thermometer for each beaker and test tube (I.e. A: 20Â ºC, B: 37Â ºC, C: 100Â ºC and D: 0Â ºC) and time observation using a stopwatch to measure the duration of reaction time of acid on the marble chips. RESULTS: This table clearly shows that the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction rate. In these experiments, I used five marble chips for each test tube to ensure consistency and therefore production of carbon dioxide. CONCLUSION: This experiment showed that the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction rate and thereby, the faster the production of carbon dioxide from hydrochloric acid acting on marble chips. EVALUATION: My results table above successfully proved that the temperature had a large effect on the rates of reaction and showed that the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction. The rates of chemical reaction increases with temperature, This is because when the temperature is increased, the particles in the solution have more energy and therefore collide more often during a certain period of time. These colliding particles will have activation energy resulting in more successful collisions between particles, the cause of reaction. As shown on my graph, the rate of reaction approximately doubles each time the temperature is increased by 10Â ºC. With regard to sources of error, some time was taken to press the stopwatch when the marble chips had thoroughly dissolved. This would have altered the length of reaction time a little bit and therefore alter the rate of reaction results. At first, I weighed one marble chip and multiplied it by 5 to get the mass of five marble chips. As this would have made my results inaccurate, I weighed the five marble chips all together to get the exact mass of 0.25g.